{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:26:32Z","timestamp":1760239592500,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2017-II-0009-0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-II-0009-0023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to explore the inducing factors and mechanism of the non-synchronous vibration, the flow field structure and its formation mechanism in the non-synchronous vibration state of a high speed turbocompressor are discussed in this paper, based on the fluid\u2013structure interaction method. The predicted frequencies fBV (4.4EO), fAR (9.6EO) in the field have a good correspondence with the experimental data, which verify the reliability and accuracy of the numerical method. The results indicate that, under a deviation in the adjustment of inlet guide vane (IGV), the disturbances of pressure in the tip diffuse upstream and downstream, and maintain the corresponding relationship with the non-synchronous vibration frequency of the blade. An instability flow that developed at the tip region of 90% span emerged due to interactions among the incoming main flow, the axial separation backflow, and the tip leakage vortices. The separation vortices in the blade passage mixed up with the tip leakage flow reverse at the trailing edge of blade tip, presenting a spiral vortex structure which flows upstream to the leading edge of the adjacent blade. The disturbances of the spiral vortexes emerge to rotate at 54.5% of the rotor speed in the same rotating direction as a modal oscillation. The blade vibration in the turbocompressor is found to be related to the unsteadiness of the tip flow. The large pressure oscillation caused by the movement of the spiral vortex is regarded as the one of the main drivers for the non-synchronous vibration for the present turbocompressor, besides the deviation in the adjustment of IGV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22121372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]],"date-time":"2020-12-06T22:27:12Z","timestamp":1607293632000},"page":"1372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigation on the Flow Field Entropy Structure of Non-Synchronous Blade Vibration in an Axial Turbocompressor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mingming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anping","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Baumgartner, M., Kameier, F. (1995, January 10\u201315). Non-Engine Order Blade Vibration in a High Pressure Compressor. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Airbreathing Engines (ISABE95-7094): Symposium Papers, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1460915","article-title":"An experimental and numerical investigation into the mechanisms of rotating instability","volume":"124","author":"Marz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Turbomach."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mailach, R., Lehmann, I., and Vogeler, K. (2000, January 8\u201311). Rotating instabilities in an axial compressor originating from the fluctuating blade tip vortex. Proceedings of the ASME 2000 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1115\/2000-GT-0506"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kielb, R., Thomas, J., Barter, J., and Hall, K. (2003, January 16\u201319). Blade Excitation by Aerodynamic Instabilities-A Compressor Blade Study. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2003, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2003-38634"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, S., Kielb, R., and Hall, K. (2012, January 11\u201315). Developing a Reduced-Order Model to Understand Non-Synchronous Vibration (NSV) in Turbomachinery. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2012, Copenhagen, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2012-68145"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders, A.J. (2004, January 14\u201317). Non-Synchronous Vibration (NSV) Due to a Flow-Induced Aerodynamic Instability in a Composite Fan Stator. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Lead, Sea and Air, Austria, Vienna.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2004-53492"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vo, H. (2006, January 9\u201312). Role of Tip Clearance Flow in the Generation of Non-Synchronous Vibrations. Proceedings of the 44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2006-629"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomassin, J., Vo, H., and Mureithi, N. (2007, January 14\u201317). Blade tip clearance flow and compressor NSV: The jet core feedback theory as the coupling mechanism. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Lead, Sea and Air, 2007, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2007-27286"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomassin, J., Vo, H., and Mureithi, N. (2008, January 9\u201313). Experimental Demonstration of the Tip Clearance Flow Resonance Behind Compressor Non-Synchronous Vibration. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Lead, Sea and Air, Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2008-50303"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiker, M., Kielb, R., and Hall, K. (2008, January 9\u201313). Efficient Design Method for Non-Synchronous Vibrations Using Enforced Motion. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Lead, Sea and Air, Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2008-50599"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drolet, M., Thomassin, J., Vo, H., and Mureithi, N. (2009, January 8\u201312). Numerical Investigation Into Non-Synchronous Vibrations of Axial Flow Compressors by the Resonant Tip Clearance Flow. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Lead, Sea and Air, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2009-59074"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drolet, M., Vo, H., and Mureithi, N. (2011, January 6\u201310). Effect of Tip Clearance on the Prediction of Non-Synchronous Vibrations in Axial Compressors. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2011, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2011-45392"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, Y., Kang, S., and Lee, S. (2010, January 14\u201318). Numerical Study on Unsteadiness of Tip Clearance Flow Induced by Downstream Stator Row in Axial Compressor. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Lead, Sea and Air, Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2010-23024"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Im, H., and Zha, G. (2012, January 11\u201315). Effects of Rotor Tip Clearance on Tip Clearance Flow Potentially Leading to NSV in an Axial Compressor. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2012, Copenhagen, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2012-68148"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Im, H., and Zha, G. (2012, January 11\u201315). Simulation of Non-Synchronous Blade Vibration of an Axial Compressor Using a Fully Coupled Fluid Structure Interaction. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2012, Copenhagen, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2012-68150"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinal, D., Im, H., and Zha, G. (2014, January 13\u201317). Full-Annulus Simulation of Non-Synchronous Blade Vibration of an Axial Compressor. Proceedings of the 52nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, National Harbor, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2014-0790"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Im, H., and Zha, G. (2014, January 13\u201317). Investigation of Non-synchronous Vibration Mechanism for a High Speed Axial Compressor Using Delayed DES. Proceedings of the 52nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, National Harbor, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2014-0789"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, J., Im, H., and Espinal, D. (2014, January 16\u201320). Investigation of a Compressor Rotor Non-Synchronous Vibration With and Without Fluid-Structure Interaction. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2014-26478"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, J., Im, H., and Zha, G. (2017, January 26\u201330). Numerical Examination of Lock-In Hypothesis of Non-Synchronous Vibration in an Axial Compressor. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, Charlotte, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2017-65244"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Jungst, M., Holzinger, F., Schiffer, H.P., and Leichtfu\u00df, S. (2015, January 23\u201327). Analysing non-synchronous blade vibrations in a transonic compressor rotor. Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Turbomachinery Fluid dynamics & Thermodynamics, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akiyama, R., Shiohata, K., and Nakajima, T. (2015, January 15\u201319). Damping Characteristics of Non-Synchronous Turbine Blade Vibration. Proceedings of the ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2015-46416"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moller, D., and Jungst, M. (2017, January 26\u201330). Influence of Rotor Tip Blockage on Near Stall Blade Vibrations on an Axial Compressor Rig. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, Charlotte, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4038316"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012014","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1149\/1\/012014","article-title":"Analysis of blade tip timing data from fan blades with synchronous and non-synchronous vibration","volume":"1149","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouchain, A., Picheral, J., Lahalle, E., Vercoutter, A., Burgardt, B., and Talon, A. (2019, January 17\u201321). New possibilities for analyzing complex asynchronous blade vibrations from tip-timing data using a sparse spectral analysis method. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2019-91573"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Zhou, Q., Yang, S., and Li, H. (2019). Rotating Stall Induced Non-Synchronous Blade Vibration Analysis for an Unshrouded Industrial Centrifugal Compressor. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19224995"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2015.06.018","article-title":"Sound generation by non-synchronously oscillating rotor blades in turbomachinery","volume":"355","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101013","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4044675","article-title":"Non-Synchronous Aeroacoustic Interaction in an Axial MultiStage Compressor","volume":"141","author":"Fiquet","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Turbomach."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2020.115649","article-title":"Non-synchronous vibration in axial compressors: Lock-in mechanism and semi-analytical model","volume":"488","author":"Stapelfeldt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Hou, A., Zhou, S., and Yang, X. (2011, January 11\u201317). Investigation on Blade Flutter in Transonic Compressor with a Coupled Numerical Approach. Proceedings of the ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/IMECE2011-63218"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Hou, A., Zhou, S., and Yang, X. (2012, January 11\u201315). Analysis on Flutter Characteristics of Transonic Compressor Blade Row by a Fluid-Structure Coupled Method. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2012, Copenhagen, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2012-69439"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., and Hou, A. (2019). Investigation on unsteady separation flow control in an axial compressor using Detached-Eddy Simulation. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9163298"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"36","article-title":"A preliminary study on acoustic resonance of aeroengine compressor","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aeroengine"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"31","article-title":"Analysis of noise source characteristics of multistage axial compressor","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Shenyang Aerosp. Univ."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/22\/12\/1372\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:41:48Z","timestamp":1760179308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/22\/12\/1372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["e22121372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e22121372","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-4300"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]}}}