{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:30:23Z","timestamp":1760239823334,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 5G technology is a promising technology to cope with the increasing demand for higher data rate and quality of service. In this paper, two proposed techniques are implemented for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) self-heterodyne OFDM system to enhance data rate and minimize the bit error rate (BER). In both of the two proposed techniques, Band Selection (BS) approach is used, once with Space Time Block Coded (STBC) for the first proposed technique (BS- STBC), and once again with Frequency Space Time Block Coded (FSTBC) for the second proposed technique (BS-FSTBC). The use of the BS in the proposed techniques helps to choose the sub-band with better subchannels gains for sending the information and consequently, minimize the BER. Moreover, the use of the FSTBC instead of STBC helps to use the spectral efficiently and hence increase data rate. The simulation results show that the proposed techniques BS-STBC and BS-FSTBC, for the MIMO self-heterodyne OFDM system, provide a great enhancement in the BER performance when compared to the conventional techniques. Moreover, the simulation results show that the first proposed technique BS-FSTBC outperform the second propose technique BS-STBC in term of the BER performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23010032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T10:33:56Z","timestamp":1609151636000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["MIMO Self-Heterodyne OFDM Using Band Selection Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9438-8207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira I.","family":"Zaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), Alexandria 1029, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Abdelgelil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), Alexandria 1029, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Said E.","family":"El-Khamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), Alexandria 1029, Egypt"},{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1191-5797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waleed K.","family":"Badawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), Alexandria 1029, Egypt"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Key Concepts and Network Architecture for 5G Mobile Technology","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2013.2260813","article-title":"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications For 5G Cellular: It Will Work!","volume":"1","author":"Rappaport","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172277","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2956596","article-title":"Theoretical Analysis of Nonlinear Amplification Effects in Massive MIMO Systems","volume":"7","author":"Teodoro","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6894452","article-title":"Millimeter-Wave Communications for 5G: Fundamentals: Part I Guest Editorial","volume":"52","author":"Elkashlan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2006.874321","article-title":"Millimeter-Wave Voltage-Controlled Oscillators in 0.13-M CMOS Technology","volume":"41","author":"Cao","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"203","article-title":"Development of Millimeter-Wave Video Transmission System II-Development of Millimeter-Wave Wireless Module for Remote Self-Heterodyne Scheme","volume":"84","author":"Shoji","year":"2001","journal-title":"Top. Symp. Millim. Waves"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Proposal of Millimeter-Wave Self-heterodyne Communication System","volume":"2000","author":"Shoji","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEICE Tech. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"218","article-title":"60 GHZ Band 64 QAM\/OFDM Terrestrial Digital Broadcasting Signal Transmission By Using Millimeter-Wave Self-Heterodyne System","volume":"47","author":"Shoji","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2002.1006406","article-title":"Millimeter-Wave Remote Self-Heterodyne System for Extremely Stable and Low-Cost Broad-Band Signal Transmission","volume":"50","author":"Shoji","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1953","article-title":"BER Analysis of Self-Heterodyne OFDM Transmission Scheme","volume":"4","author":"Pacheco","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Process. Can. Conf. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2940","article-title":"70-Ghz-Band OFDM Transceivers Based on Self-Heterodyne Scheme for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Personal Area Network","volume":"57","author":"Shoji","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2411277","article-title":"MIMO Self-Heterodyne OFDM","volume":"65","author":"Fernando","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6657","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2915351","article-title":"Multi-Dimensional Space-Time Block Coding Aided Downlink MIMO-SCMA","volume":"68","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2020.3025536","article-title":"Physical Layer Security for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems by Alternating Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes","volume":"1","author":"Cribbs","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aly, R.M., Zaki, A., Badawi, W.K., and Aly, M.H. (2019). Time Coding OTDM MIMO System Based on Singular Value Decomposition for 5G Applications. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9132691"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaki, A.I., Nassar, M., Aly, M.H., and Badawi, W.K. (2020). A Generalized Spatial Modulation System Using Massive MIMO Space Time Coding Antenna Grouping. Entropy, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/e22121350"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2018.5840","article-title":"Performance of dual-hop full-duplex relay networks with orthogonal space-time block coding in Nakagami-m fading channels","volume":"13","author":"Toka","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77164","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988562","article-title":"Analysis and Demonstration of Quasi Trace Orthogonal Space Time Block Coding for Visible Light Communications","volume":"8","author":"Biagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71099","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2881338","article-title":"Joint Space-Frequency Block Codes and Signal Alignment for Heterogeneous Networks","volume":"6","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Rupp, M., and Mecklenbrauker, C.F. (2002, January 27\u201330). On Extended Alamouti Schemes for Space-Time Coding. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, J., Singh, M., and Sohal, R. (2015, January 21\u201322). Performance of Alamouti Scheme with Convolution for MIMO System. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Engineering & Computational Sciences (RAECS), Chandigarh, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/RAECS.2015.7453355"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaki, A., Badawi, W., Abdelgelil, M., and El-Khamy, S.E. (2018, January 20\u201322). Frequency-Space-Time Block Coded Self-heterodyne OFDM Using 4 \u00d7 2 MIMO. In Proceedings of the 35th National Radio Science Conference (NRSC 2018), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/NRSC.2018.8354384"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/23\/1\/32\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:46:55Z","timestamp":1760179615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/23\/1\/32"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["e23010032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e23010032","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-4300"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]}}}