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Repetitive photic stimulation (PS) is commonly used in routine electroencephalogram (EEG) examinations for rapid assessment of perceptual functioning. This study aimed to evaluate neural oscillatory responses and nonlinear brain dynamics under the effects of PS in patients with mild AD, moderate AD, severe AD, and MCI, as well as healthy elderly controls (HC). EEG power ratios during PS were estimated as an index of oscillatory responses. Multiscale sample entropy (MSE) was estimated as an index of brain dynamics before, during, and after PS. During PS, EEG harmonic responses were lower and MSE values were higher in the AD subgroups than in HC and MCI groups. PS-induced changes in EEG complexity were less pronounced in the AD subgroups than in HC and MCI groups. Brain dynamics revealed a \u201ctransitional change\u201d between MCI and Mild AD. Our findings suggest a deficiency in brain adaptability in AD patients, which hinders their ability to adapt to repetitive perceptual stimulation. This study highlights the importance of combining spectral and nonlinear dynamical analysis when seeking to unravel perceptual functioning and brain adaptability in the various stages of neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23040427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T11:48:29Z","timestamp":1617623309000},"page":"427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Brain Dynamics Altered by Photic Stimulation in Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Wei-Yang","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0268-3920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Intan","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Integrated Brain Research Unit, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0514-8886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong-Ling","family":"Fuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Fen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Integrated Brain Research Unit, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kulkarni, N., and Bairagi, V. 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