{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:56:21Z","timestamp":1760234181716,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research 432 and innovation programme","award":["Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement No. 433 754496 - FELLINI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement No. 433 754496 - FELLINI"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We study the role of entanglement and non-locality in quantum protocols that make use of systems of identical particles. Unlike in the case of distinguishable particles, the notions of entanglement and non-locality for systems whose constituents cannot be distinguished and singly addressed are still debated. We clarify why the only approach that avoids incongruities and paradoxes is the one based on the second quantization formalism, whereby it is the entanglement of the modes that can be populated by the particles that really matters and not the particles themselves. Indeed, by means of a metrological and of a teleportation protocol, we show that inconsistencies arise in formulations that force entanglement and non-locality to be properties of the identical particles rather than of the modes they can occupy. The reason resides in the fact that orthogonal modes can always be addressed while identical particles cannot.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23040479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T22:15:13Z","timestamp":1618784113000},"page":"479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Entanglement and Non-Locality in Quantum Protocols with Identical Particles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0712-2057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Benatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Trieste, 34151 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Trieste, 34151 Trieste, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0424-2707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Floreanini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Trieste, 34151 Trieste, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5592-759X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugo","family":"Marzolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Trieste, 34151 Trieste, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.80.517","article-title":"Entanglement in many-body systems","volume":"80","author":"Amico","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. 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