{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T12:54:51Z","timestamp":1768740891632,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades de Espa\u00f1a","award":["PGC2018-093854-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-093854-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Structural Funds 2014-2020 512 (ERDF and ESF)","award":["AGRISOST-CM S2018\/BAA-4330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGRISOST-CM S2018\/BAA-4330"]}]},{"name":"Boosting Agricultural Insurance based on Earth Observation data - BEACON project","award":["N\u00ba 821964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00ba 821964"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple studies revealed that pasture grasslands are a time-varying complex ecological system. Climate variables regulate vegetation growing, being precipitation and temperature the most critical driver factors. This work aims to assess the response of two different Vegetation Indices (VIs) to the temporal dynamics of temperature and precipitation in a semiarid area. Two Mediterranean grasslands zones situated in the center of Spain were selected to accomplish this goal. Correlations and cross-correlations between VI and each climatic variable were computed. Different lagged responses of each VIs series were detected, varying in zones, the year\u2019s season, and the climatic variable. Recurrence Plots (RPs) and Cross Recurrence Plots (CRPs) analyses were applied to characterise and quantify the system\u2019s complexity showed in the cross-correlation analysis. RPs pointed out that short-term predictability and high dimensionality of VIs series, as well as precipitation, characterised this dynamic. Meanwhile, temperature showed a more regular pattern and lower dimensionality. CRPs revealed that precipitation was a critical variable to distinguish between zones due to their complex pattern and influence on the soil\u2019s water balance that the VI reflects. Overall, we prove RP and CRP\u2019s potential as adequate tools for analysing vegetation dynamics characterised by complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23050559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T10:53:29Z","timestamp":1619780009000},"page":"559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Vegetation\u2013Climate System Complexity through Recurrence Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9s F.","family":"Almeida-\u00d1au\u00f1ay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios e Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n de Riesgos Agrarios y Medioambientales (CEIGRAM), Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Agron\u00f3mica Alimentaria y de Biosistemas (ETSIAAB), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Senda del Rey, 13, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3949-8232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Mar\u00eda","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Systems Group, ETSIAAB, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, no. 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5793-2835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Quemada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios e Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n de Riesgos Agrarios y Medioambientales (CEIGRAM), Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Agron\u00f3mica Alimentaria y de Biosistemas (ETSIAAB), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Senda del Rey, 13, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Production, ETSIAAB, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, no. 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4373-603X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Losada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Systems Group, ETSIAAB, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, no. 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2336-5371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Tarquis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios e Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n de Riesgos Agrarios y Medioambientales (CEIGRAM), Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Agron\u00f3mica Alimentaria y de Biosistemas (ETSIAAB), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Senda del Rey, 13, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Complex Systems Group, ETSIAAB, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, no. 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, ETSIAAB, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, no. 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2903","article-title":"Sensitivity of grassland productivity to aridity controlled by stomatal and xylem regulation","volume":"10","author":"Konings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.2307\/3235975","article-title":"Application of multifractals to the analysis of vegetation pattern","volume":"5","author":"Scheuring","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1530.1","article-title":"Long-term data reveal complex dynamics in grassland in relation to climate and disturbance","volume":"77","author":"Hobbs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano, J., Shahidian, S., and da Silva, J.M. (2019). Evaluation of normalised difference water index as a tool for monitoring pasture seasonal and inter-annual variability in a Mediterranean agro-silvo-pastoral system. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11010062"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1080\/014311602753474192","article-title":"Relations between AVHRR NDVI and ecoclimatic parameters in China","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160210154812","article-title":"Temporal responses of NDVI to precipitation and temperature in the central Great Plains, USA","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-010-0163-4","article-title":"Temporal and spatial response of vegetation NDVI to temperature and precipitation in eastern China","volume":"20","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2012.09.007","article-title":"The relationship between precipitation anomalies and satellite-derived vegetation activity in Central Asia","volume":"110","author":"Gessner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5339.870","article-title":"The Response of Global Terrestrial Ecosystems to Interannual Temperature Variability","volume":"278","author":"Braswell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.002","article-title":"NDVI-based increase in growth of temperate grasslands and its responses to climate changes in China","volume":"16","author":"Piao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160410001680419","article-title":"Assessment of grassland degradation near Lake Qinghai, West China, using Landsat TM and in situ reflectance spectra data","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hively, W.D., Lamb, B.T., Daughtry, C.S.T., Shermeyer, J., McCarty, G.W., and Quemada, M. (2018). Mapping crop residue and tillage intensity using WorldView-3 satellite shortwave infrared residue indices. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101657"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/jvs.12398","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of herbaceous primary production in semiarid shrublands: A remote sensing approach","volume":"27","author":"Blanco","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2639043","article-title":"Radar Remote Sensing of Agricultural Canopies: A Review","volume":"10","author":"McNairn","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3014130","article-title":"SAR Speckle Removal Using Hybrid Frequency Modulations","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"145","article-title":"Topographic correction of ALOS-PALSAR images using InSAR-derived DEM","volume":"30","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"528","article-title":"Integrating AVHRR and MODIS data to monitor NDVI changes and their relationships with climatic parameters in Northeast China","volume":"18","author":"Mao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-013-2902-3","article-title":"The relationship between normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and climate factors in the semiarid region: A case study in Yalu Tsangpo River basin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W., Haas, R.H., Schell, J.A., and Deering, D.W. (2021, April 30). Monitoring the vernal advancement and retrogradation (green wave effect) of natural vegetation. Progress Report RSC 1978-1. Available online: https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/80640125.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00012-1","article-title":"An analysis of relationships among climate forcing and time-integrated NDVI of grasslands over the U.S. northern and central Great Plains","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/15324982.2016.1224955","article-title":"Discriminating and monitoring rangeland condition classes with MODIS NDVI and EVI indices in Iranian arid and semiarid lands","volume":"31","author":"Jafari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arid Land Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yagci, A.L., Di, L., and Deng, M. (2014, January 13\u201318). The influence of land cover-related changes on the NDVI-based satellite agricultural drought indices. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Quebe, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6946868"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.06.029","article-title":"Suitability of NDVI and OSAVI as estimators of green biomass and coverage in a semiarid rangeland","volume":"94","author":"Fern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(85)90111-7","article-title":"Spectral response of a plant canopy with different soil backgrounds","volume":"17","author":"Huete","year":"1985","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2011.620034","article-title":"Derivation of biomass information for semi-arid areas using remote-sensing data","volume":"33","author":"Eisfelder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.068","article-title":"Using negative soil adjustment factor in soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) for above-ground living biomass estimation in arid grasslands","volume":"209","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90134-1","article-title":"A modified soil adjusted vegetation index","volume":"48","author":"Qi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtu002","article-title":"The spatial pattern of grassland above-ground biomass on Xizang Plateau and its climatic controls","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Plant. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Wei, H., Ochir, A., Davaasuren, D., Chonokhuu, S., and Nasanbat, E. (2019). Spatial and temporal variations in grassland production from 2006 to 2015 in Mongolia along the China-Mongolia Railway. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11072177"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5185","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600702392","article-title":"Spatial patterns of the NDVI-rainfall relationship at the seasonal and interannual time scales in an African savanna","volume":"27","author":"Fritz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.030","article-title":"Spatial patterns and temporal dynamics in savanna vegetation phenology across the north australian tropical transect","volume":"139","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"NDVI dynamics under changing meteorological factors in a shallow lake in future metropolitan, semiarid area in North China","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vegetation response to precipitation anomalies under different climatic and biogeographical conditions in China","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-017-1321-5","article-title":"Varying responses of vegetation activity to climate changes on the Tibetan Plateau grassland","volume":"61","author":"Cong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4013","article-title":"NDVI and vegetation phenology dynamics under the influence of sunshine duration on the Tibetan plateau","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.2014.917580","article-title":"Vegetation coverage changes and their response to meteorological variables from 2000 to 2009 in Naqu, Tibet, China","volume":"40","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.04.016","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics from NDVI time series analysis using the wavelet transform","volume":"113","author":"Gilabert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-009-9787-8","article-title":"Assessment of vegetation dynamics and their response to variations in precipitation and temperature in the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"103","author":"Zhong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.08.038","article-title":"Nonlinear features and complexity patterns of vegetation dynamics in the transition zone of North China","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/4\/9\/004","article-title":"Recurrence plots of dynamical systems","volume":"4","author":"Eckmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Europhys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webber, C.L., and Marwan, N. (2015). Long Time-Scale Recurrences in Ecology: Detecting Relationships Between Climate Dynamics and Biodiversity Along a Latitudinal Gradient. Recurrence Quantification Analysis\u2014Theory and Best Practices, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07155-8"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2006.11.001","article-title":"Recurrence plots for the analysis of complex systems","volume":"438","author":"Marwan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2008-00838-0","article-title":"Use of recurrence analysis to measure the dynamical stability of a multi-species community model","volume":"164","author":"Proulx","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2008-00839-y","article-title":"Identifying spatial pattern of NDVI series dynamics using recurrence quantification analysis","volume":"164","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-018-0693-1","article-title":"Investigating landscape phase transitions in Mediterranean rangelands by recurrence analysis","volume":"33","author":"Zurlini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semeraro, T., Luvisi, A., Lillo, A.O., Aretano, R., Buccolieri, R., and Marwan, N. (2020). Recurrence analysis of vegetation indices for highlighting the ecosystem response to drought events: An application to the amazon forest. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12060907"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"LP DAAC (2021, April 30). Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center: Surface Reflectance 8-Day L3 Global 500 m, NASA and USGS, Available online: https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/products\/mod09a1v006\/."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-19-1685-2019","article-title":"Statistical analysis for satellite-index-based insurance to define damaged pasture thresholds","volume":"19","author":"Moratiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4533","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5094533","article-title":"A study of soil line simulation from landsat images in mixed grassland","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00035.x","article-title":"Use of Weighted Least-Squares Method in Evaluation of the Relationship Between Dispersivity and Field Scale","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Groundwater"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2019, May 24). Agencia Estatal de Meteorolog\u00eda AEMET OpenData. Available online: https:\/\/opendata.aemet.es\/centrodedescargas\/inicio."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-24-77-2017","article-title":"Scale and space dependencies of soil nitrogen variability","volume":"24","author":"Tarquis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nonlinear Process. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"591","article-title":"Tests of Equality Between Sets of Coefficients in Two Linear Regressions","volume":"28","author":"Chow","year":"1960","journal-title":"Econom. J. Econom. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00510","article-title":"Cross-recurrence quantification analysis of categorical and continuous time series: An R package","volume":"5","author":"Coco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Marwan, N. (2019, June 28). CRP Toolbox 5.22 (R32.4). Available online: http:\/\/tocsy.pik-potsdam.de\/CRPtoolbox\/."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Webber, C.L., and Zbilut, J. (2019, June 05). Recurrence quantification analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems, Tutorials in Contemporary Nonlinear Methods for the Behavioral Sciences Web Book, Available online: http:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/sbe\/bcs\/pac\/nmbs\/nmbs.jsp."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.33.1134","article-title":"Independent coordinates for strange attractors from mutual information","volume":"33","author":"Fraser","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2789(97)00118-8","article-title":"Practical method for determining the minimum embedding dimension of a scalar time series","volume":"110","author":"Cao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. D Nonlinear Phenom."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-1177(93)90560-X","article-title":"About The soil line concept in remote sensing","volume":"13","author":"Baret","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv. Sp. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.12.012","article-title":"Improved crop residue cover estimates obtained by coupling spectral indices for residue and moisture","volume":"206","author":"Quemada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3543","article-title":"NDVI, temperature and precipitation changes and their relationships with different vegetation types during 1998\u20132007 in Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"33","author":"Chuai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10666-011-9297-8","article-title":"Vegetation NDVI Linked to Temperature and Precipitation in the Upper Catchments of Yellow River","volume":"17","author":"Hao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Assess."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Tomas-Burguera, M., Beguer\u00eda, S., Reig, F., Latorre, B., Pe\u00f1a-Gallardo, M., Luna, M.Y., Morata, A., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Hidalgo, J.C. (2017). A high resolution dataset of drought indices for Spain. Data, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/data2030022"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-011-9971-2","article-title":"Drought Management Plans in the European Union. The Case of Spain","volume":"26","author":"Estrela","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2016.08.038","article-title":"Using the NDVI to identify variations in, and responses of, vegetation to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau from 1982 to 2012","volume":"444","author":"Pang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-015-1572-1","article-title":"NDVI-based vegetation responses to climate change in an arid area of China","volume":"126","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13233","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71013233","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of global NDVI trends: Correlations with climate and human factors","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Asrar, G. (1989). Soil influences in remotely sensed vegetation-canopy spectra. Theory and Applications of Optical Remote Sensing, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-5177-x","article-title":"Precipitation and temperature regulate the seasonal changes of NDVI across the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"75","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.10.016","article-title":"Interannual covariability between actual evapotranspiration and PAL and GIMMS NDVIs of northern Asia","volume":"106","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viola, F., Daly, E., Vico, G., Cannarozzo, M., and Porporato, A. (2008). Transient soil-moisture dynamics and climate change in Mediterranean ecosystems. Water Resour. Res., 44.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007WR006371"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2014.01.013","article-title":"Water stress due to increased intra-annual precipitation variability reduced forage yield but raised forage quality of a temperate grassland","volume":"186","author":"Grant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2014.09.010","article-title":"Riparian vegetation NDVI dynamics and its relationship with climate, surface water and groundwater","volume":"113","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2307\/1943158","article-title":"Primary Production of the Central Grassland Region of the United States","volume":"69","author":"Sala","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olmos-Trujillo, E., Gonz\u00e1lez-Trinidad, J., J\u00fanez-Ferreira, H., Pacheco-Guerrero, A., Bautista-Capetillo, C., Avila-Sandoval, C., and Galv\u00e1n-Tejada, E. (2020). Spatio-temporal response of vegetation indices to rainfall and temperature in a semiarid region. Sustainbility, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12051939"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1227.2011.00094","article-title":"Response of vegetation to temperature and precipitation in Xinjiang during the period of 1998\u20132009","volume":"3","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, L., Wu, S., Zhao, D., Yin, Y., Leng, G., and Zhang, Q. (2014). NDVI-Based Vegetation Change in Inner Mongolia from 1982 to 2006 and Its Relationship to Climate at the Biome Scale. Adv. Meteorol., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/692068"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.5194\/se-6-1185-2015","article-title":"MODIS normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and vegetation phenology dynamics in the Inner Mongolia grassland","volume":"6","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12314","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70912314","article-title":"A phenology-based method for monitoring woody and herbaceous vegetation in mediterranean forests from NDVI time series","volume":"7","author":"Helman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s007040170022","article-title":"Rainfall distribution patterns and their change over time in a Mediterranean area","volume":"69","author":"Ramos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5868","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6065868","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between the inter-annual variability of satellite-derived vegetation phenology and a proxy of biomass production in the Sahel","volume":"6","author":"Meroni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2009.03.015","article-title":"Structural complexity in digital images as an ecological indicator for monitoring forest dynamics across scale, space and time","volume":"9","author":"Proulx","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2004.08.001","article-title":"Untangling ecological complexity on different scales of space and time","volume":"5","author":"Storch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2789(02)00625-5","article-title":"Assessing nonlinear structures in real exchange rates using recurrence plot strategies","volume":"171","author":"Contreras","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. D Nonlinear Phenom."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233025","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/12\/3\/033025","article-title":"Recurrence networks\u2014A novel paradigm for nonlinear time series analysis","volume":"12","author":"Donner","year":"2010","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2015.01.013","article-title":"Analysing spatially extended high-dimensional dynamics by recurrence plots","volume":"379","author":"Marwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698214343","article-title":"A statistical study of NDVI sensitivity to seasonal and interannual rainfall variations in Southern Africa","volume":"19","author":"Richard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2020.104474","article-title":"Time-lagged response of vegetation dynamics to climatic and teleconnection factors","volume":"189","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES11-00211.1","article-title":"The limits to prediction in ecological systems","volume":"2","author":"Beckage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026702","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.66.026702","article-title":"Recurrence-plot-based measures of complexity and their application to heart-rate-variability data","volume":"66","author":"Marwan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/23\/5\/559\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:55:58Z","timestamp":1760162158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/23\/5\/559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["e23050559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e23050559","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]}}}