{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:32:13Z","timestamp":1761611533268,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports in the Czech Republic","award":["SP2021\/45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP2021\/45"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article investigates the performance of various sophisticated channel coding and transmission schemes for achieving reliable transmission of a highly compressed video stream. Novel error protection schemes including Non-Convergent Coding (NCC) scheme, Non-Convergent Coding assisted with Differential Space Time Spreading (DSTS) and Sphere Packing (SP) modulation (NCDSTS-SP) scheme and Convergent Coding assisted with DSTS and SP modulation (CDSTS-SP) are analyzed using Bit Error Ratio (BER) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) performance metrics. Furthermore, error reduction is achieved using sophisticated transceiver comprising SP modulation technique assisted by Differential Space Time Spreading. The performance of the iterative Soft Bit Source Decoding (SBSD) in combination with channel codes is analyzed using various error protection setups by allocating consistent overall bit-rate budget. Additionally, the iterative behavior of SBSD assisted RSC decoder is analyzed with the aid of Extrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) Chart in order to analyze the achievable turbo cliff of the iterative decoding process. The subjective and objective video quality performance of the proposed error protection schemes is analyzed while employing H.264 advanced video coding and H.265 high efficient video coding standards, while utilizing diverse video sequences having different resolution, motion and dynamism. It was observed that in the presence of noisy channel the low resolution videos outperforms its high resolution counterparts. Furthermore, it was observed that the performance of video sequence with low motion contents and dynamism outperforms relative to video sequence with high motion contents and dynamism. More specifically, it is observed that while utilizing H.265 video coding standard, the Non-Convergent Coding assisted with DSTS and SP modulation scheme with enhanced transmission mechanism results in Eb\/N0 gain of 20 dB with reference to the Non-Convergent Coding and transmission mechanism at the objective PSNR value of 42 dB. It is important to mention that both the schemes have employed identical code rate. Furthermore, the Convergent Coding assisted with DSTS and SP modulation mechanism achieved superior performance with reference to the equivalent rate Non-Convergent Coding assisted with DSTS and SP modulation counterpart mechanism, with a performance gain of 16 dB at the objective PSNR grade of 42 dB. Moreover, it is observed that the maximum achievable PSNR gain through H.265 video coding standard is 45 dB, with a PSNR gain of 3 dB with reference to the identical code rate H.264 coding scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23050562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T21:35:39Z","timestamp":1619904939000},"page":"562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["On the Performance of Video Resolution, Motion and Dynamism in Transmission Using Near-Capacity Transceiver for Wireless Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Nasru","family":"Minallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4820-6054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khadem","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6065-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Frnda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Methods and Economic Informatics, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laiq","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7459-2043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Nedoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Index, C. (2016). Cisco visual networking index: Global mobile data traffic forecast update, 2015\u20132020. Cisco Technical Report, Cisco System. White Paper."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast (2020). Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2018\u20132023, Cisco System. White Paper."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1561\/2000000093","article-title":"Massive MIMO networks: Spectral, energy, and hardware efficiency","volume":"11","author":"Hoydis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Found. Trends Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirinen, P. (2014, January 26\u201328). A brief overview of 5G research activities. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on 5G for Ubiquitous Connectivity, Akaslompolo, Finland.","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.5gu.2014.258061"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson, I.E. (2004). H. 264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression: Video Coding for Next-Generation Multimedia, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470869615"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A Mathematical Theory of Communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1949.232969","article-title":"Communication in the Presence of Noise","volume":"37","author":"Shannon","year":"1949","journal-title":"Proc. IRE"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1950.tb00463.x","article-title":"Error Detecting and Error Correcting Codes","volume":"29","author":"Hamming","year":"1950","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Elias, P. (1955). Coding for noisy channels. IRE Convention Record, Butterworth Scientific Publications. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2464300","article-title":"Near-capacity wireless system design principles","volume":"17","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1959.tb01584.x","article-title":"Recurrent Codes: Easily Mechanized, Burst-Correcting, Binary Codes","volume":"38","author":"Hagelbarger","year":"1959","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Wozencraft, J.M., and Reiffen, B. (1961). Sequential Decoding, The MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1963.1057827","article-title":"A heuristic discussion of probabilistic decoding","volume":"9","author":"Fano","year":"1963","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1967.1054010","article-title":"Error bounds for convolutional codes and an asymptotically optimum decoding algorithm","volume":"13","author":"Viterbi","year":"1967","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1973.9030","article-title":"The viterbi algorithm","volume":"61","author":"Forney","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Forney, G.D. (2005). The viterbi algorithm: A personal history. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1972.1054829","article-title":"Maximum-likelihood sequence estimation of digital sequences in the presence of intersymbol interference","volume":"18","author":"Forney","year":"1972","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1972.1054821","article-title":"An efficient algorithm for computing free distance (Corresp.)","volume":"18","author":"Bahl","year":"1972","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1974.1055186","article-title":"Optimal decoding of linear codes for minimizing symbol error rate (Corresp.)","volume":"20","author":"Bahl","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Berrou, C., Glavieux, A., and Thitimajshima, P. (1993, January 23\u201326). Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-codes. 1. Proceedings of the ICC 93\u2014IEEE International Conference on Communications, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Berrou, C., and Glavieux, A. (2007). Near optimum error correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-codes. The Best of the Best: Fifty Years of Communications and Networking Research, Wiley-IEEE Press."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steele, R., and Hanzo, L. (1999). Mobile Radio Communications: Second and Third Generation Cellular and WATM Systems, IEEE Press-John Wiley. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1109\/9780470547229"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Koch, W., and Baier, A. (1990, January 2\u20135). Optimum and sub-optimum detection of coded data disturbed by time-varying intersymbol interference (applicable to digital mobile radio receivers). Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 90: IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference and Exhibition, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2814603","article-title":"Joint optimization of protograph LDPC code pair for joint source and channel coding","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burth Kurka, D., and G\u00fcnd\u00fcz, D. (2020). Joint Source-Channel Coding of Images with (not very) Deep Learning. International Zurich Seminar on Information and Communication (IZS 2020) Proceedings, ETH Zurich.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9054216"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minallah, N., Ullah, K., Frnda, J., Cengiz, K., and Awais Javed, M. (2021). Transmitter Diversity Gain Technique Aided Irregular Channel Coding for Mobile Video Transmission. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23020235"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124424","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3006024","article-title":"Analysis of Near-Capacity Iterative Decoding Schemes for Wireless Communication Using EXIT Charts","volume":"8","author":"Minallah","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8836808","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8836808","article-title":"On the Performance of Self-Concatenated Coding for Wireless Mobile Video Transmission Using DSTS-SP-Assisted Smart Antenna System","volume":"2021","author":"Minallah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2633441","article-title":"A High-Throughput FPGA Architecture for Joint Source and Channel Decoding","volume":"5","author":"Brejza","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balsa, J., Dom\u00ednguez-Bola\u00f1o, T., Fresnedo, \u00d3., Garc\u00eda-Naya, J.A., and Castedo, L. (2019). Transmission of Still Images Using Low-Complexity Analog Joint Source-Channel Coding. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132932"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2019.2919300","article-title":"Deep Joint Source-Channel Coding for Wireless Image Transmission","volume":"5","author":"Bourtsoulatze","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-4245-x","article-title":"Robust distributed video coding for wireless multimedia sensor networks","volume":"77","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, S., Lin, W., Yao, X., Wei, B., and Ma, X. (2020). Systematic Convolutional Low Density Generator Matrix Code. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2021.3064922"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Hagenauer, J. (2004, January 6\u201310). The exit chart\u2014Introduction to extrinsic information transfer in iterative processing. Proceedings of the 2004 12th European Signal Processing Conference, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"389","article-title":"Designing iterative decoding schemes with the extrinsic information chart","volume":"54","author":"Brink","year":"2000","journal-title":"AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2016.2646341","article-title":"Bit Mapping Design for LDPC Coded BICM Schemes with Multi-Edge Type EXIT Chart","volume":"21","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2003.815167","article-title":"H. 264\/AVC in wireless environments","volume":"13","author":"Stockhammer","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-08176-x","article-title":"A novel motion recovery using temporal and spatial correlation for a fast temporal error concealment over H. 264 video sequences","volume":"79","author":"Nam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10781","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-08479-z","article-title":"Data security over wireless transmission for enterprise multimedia security with fountain codes","volume":"79","author":"Nie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-7417-7","article-title":"Video data wireless transmission method based on cross-layer bitrate adaptation and error control","volume":"79","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"3671826","article-title":"A new wireless generation technology for video streaming","volume":"2019","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Netw. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2020.102257","article-title":"Research on HEVC screen content coding and video transmission technology based on machine learning","volume":"107","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2014.2362794","article-title":"Exploration of practical HEVC\/H. 265 sample adaptive offset encoding policies","volume":"22","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2016.2550778","article-title":"Required bit rates analysis for a new broadcasting service using HEVC\/H. 265","volume":"62","author":"Ichigaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Broadcast."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2572121","article-title":"Moving Object Counting Using a Tripwire in H.265\/HEVC Bitstreams for Video Surveillance","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4464","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2018.2885538","article-title":"ML-Assisted DVFS-Aware HEVC Motion Estimation Design Scheme for Mobile APSoC","volume":"13","author":"Hsieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2020.3006213","article-title":"Hardware-efficient 2D-DCT\/IDCT architecture for portable HEVC-compliant devices","volume":"66","author":"Singhadia","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Coding, H.E.V., and Series, H. (2013). Audiovisual and Multimedia Systems. Infrastructure of Audiovisual Services Coding Moving Video, ITU Recommendation."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafarkhani, H. (2005). Space-Time Coding: Theory and Practice, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511536779"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Ku\u0142akowski, P. (2006). The Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems in Slow and Fast Varying Radio Channels. [Ph.D. Thesis, AGH University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1109\/18.661517","article-title":"Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication: Performance criterion and code construction","volume":"44","author":"Tarokh","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2003.1204012","article-title":"Space-time signal design for time-correlated Rayleigh fading channels","volume":"5","author":"Su","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Conf. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023688509457","article-title":"On space-time block codes from complex orthogonal designs","volume":"25","author":"Su","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"El-Hajjar, M.H. (2008). Near-Capacity MIMOs Using Iterative Detection. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Southampton]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2012.2221192","article-title":"Comparison of the coding efficiency of video coding standards\u2014Including high efficiency video coding (HEVC)","volume":"22","author":"Ohm","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2013.2283657","article-title":"Standardized extensions of high efficiency video coding (HEVC)","volume":"7","author":"Sullivan","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2012.2221191","article-title":"Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standard","volume":"22","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2012.2192754","article-title":"HEVC: The new gold standard for video compression: How does HEVC compare with H. 264\/AVC?","volume":"1","author":"Pourazad","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Telecommunication Standardization Sector (2013). ITU-T Recommendation H. 265: High Efficiency Video Coding, Telecommunication Standardization Sector."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2008.060708","article-title":"Turbo Detection of Precoded Sphere Packing Modulation Using Four Transmit Antennas for Differential Space-Time Spreading","volume":"7","author":"Alamri","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178541","DOI":"10.1155\/ASP.2005.928","article-title":"Iterative source-channel decoding: Improved system design using EXIT charts","volume":"2005","author":"Adrat","year":"2005","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1109\/26.957394","article-title":"Convergence behavior of iteratively decoded parallel concatenated codes","volume":"49","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT (2002). Methodology for the Subjective Assessment of the Quality of Television Pictures, International Telecommunication Union."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20080522","article-title":"Scope of validity of PSNR in image\/video quality assessment","volume":"44","author":"Ghanbari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/23\/5\/562\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:56:25Z","timestamp":1760162185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/23\/5\/562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["e23050562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e23050562","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-4300"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]}}}