{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T22:40:32Z","timestamp":1770504032219,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62071277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071277"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61501280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61501280"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61471223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61471223"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61601263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61601263"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of cardiovascular death. This study aimed to propose an effective method for mining cardiac mechano-electric coupling information and to evaluate its ability to distinguish patients with varying degrees of coronary artery stenosis (VDCAS). Five minutes of electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram signals was collected synchronously from 191 VDCAS patients to construct heartbeat interval (RRI)\u2013systolic time interval (STI), RRI\u2013diastolic time interval (DTI), HR-corrected QT interval (QTcI)\u2013STI, QTcI\u2013DTI, Tpeak\u2013Tend interval (TpeI)\u2013STI, TpeI\u2013DTI, Tpe\/QT interval (Tpe\/QTI)\u2013STI, and Tpe\/QTI\u2013DTI series. Then, the cross sample entropy (XSampEn), cross fuzzy entropy (XFuzzyEn), joint distribution entropy (JDistEn), magnitude-squared coherence function, cross power spectral density, and mutual information were applied to evaluate the coupling of the series. Subsequently, support vector machine recursive feature elimination and XGBoost were utilized for feature selection and classification, respectively. Results showed that the joint analysis of XSampEn, XFuzzyEn, and JDistEn had the best ability to distinguish patients with VDCAS. The classification accuracy of severe CHD\u2014mild-to-moderate CHD group, severe CHD\u2014chest pain and normal coronary angiography (CPNCA) group, and mild-to-moderate CHD\u2014CPNCA group were 0.8043, 0.7659, and 0.7500, respectively. The study indicates that the joint analysis of XSampEn, XFuzzyEn, and JDistEn can effectively capture the cardiac mechano-electric coupling information of patients with VDCAS, which can provide valuable information for clinicians to diagnose CHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23070823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T11:45:40Z","timestamp":1624880740000},"page":"823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Discrimination of Patients with Varying Degrees of Coronary Artery Stenosis by ECG and PCG Signals Based on Entropy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3223-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-7957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinpei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}]},{"given":"Changchun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}]},{"given":"Yuanyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China"},{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}]},{"given":"Tongtong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}]},{"given":"Huiwen","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}]},{"given":"Jikuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0233-y","article-title":"The myth of \u2018stable\u2019 coronary artery disease","volume":"17","author":"Fox","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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