{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T01:25:05Z","timestamp":1777771505728,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71972177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71972177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61363075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61363075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012164","name":"National High-tech Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012AA12A308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012AA12A308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012164","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over previous decades, many nature-inspired optimization algorithms (NIOAs) have been proposed and applied due to their importance and significance. Some survey studies have also been made to investigate NIOAs and their variants and applications. However, these comparative studies mainly focus on one single NIOA, and there lacks a comprehensive comparative and contrastive study of the existing NIOAs. To fill this gap, we spent a great effort to conduct this comprehensive survey. In this survey, more than 120 meta-heuristic algorithms have been collected and, among them, the most popular and common 11 NIOAs are selected. Their accuracy, stability, efficiency and parameter sensitivity are evaluated based on the 30 black-box optimization benchmarking (BBOB) functions. Furthermore, we apply the Friedman test and Nemenyi test to analyze the performance of the compared NIOAs. In this survey, we provide a unified formal description of the 11 NIOAs in order to compare their similarities and differences in depth and a systematic summarization of the challenging problems and research directions for the whole NIOAs field. This comparative study attempts to provide a broader perspective and meaningful enlightenment to understand NIOAs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23070874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T21:05:54Z","timestamp":1625778354000},"page":"874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["A Comparative Study of Common Nature-Inspired Algorithms for Continuous Function Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zhenwu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8110-1895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6643-2971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benting","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software and IoT Engineering, Jiangxi University of Finance & Economics, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3681-8173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William Wei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software and IoT Engineering, Jiangxi University of Finance & Economics, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Department of Information Systems, Dalarna University, S-791 88 Falun, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"A Brief Review of Nature-Inspired Algorithms for Optimization","volume":"80","author":"Fister","year":"2013","journal-title":"Elektrotehni\u0161ki Vestn."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Holland, J.H. 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