{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:13:06Z","timestamp":1760166786860,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose a novel broad coverage precoder design for three-dimensional (3D) massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) equipped with huge uniform planar arrays (UPAs). The desired two-dimensional (2D) angle power spectrum is assumed to be separable. We use the per-antenna constant power constraint and the semi-unitary constraint which are widely used in the literature. For normal broad coverage precoder design, the dimension of the optimization space is the product of the number of antennas at the base station (BS) and the number of transmit streams. With the proposed method, the design of the high-dimensional precoding matrices is reduced to that of a set of low-dimensional orthonormal vectors, and of a pair of low-dimensional vectors. The dimensions of the vectors in the set and the pair are the number of antennas per column and per row of the UPA, respectively. We then use optimization methods to generate the set of orthonormal vectors and the pair of vectors, respectively. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed broad coverage precoding matrices achieve nearly the same performance as the normal broad coverage precoder with much lower computational complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23070887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T22:25:31Z","timestamp":1626215131000},"page":"887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Broad Coverage Precoding for 3D Massive MIMO with Huge Uniform Planar Arrays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0193-6372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An-An","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory (NCRL), Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory (NCRL), Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiqi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory (NCRL), Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marzetta, T.L., Larsson, E.G., Yang, H., and Ngo, H.Q. 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