{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:11:05Z","timestamp":1760235065579,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011447","name":"Science and Technology Department of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["214200510013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["214200510013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009101","name":"Education Department of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19A510005, 21A510016, 21A520052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19A510005, 21A510016, 21A520052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009101","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Human Resources and Social Security Department of Henan Province","award":["HRSS2021[36]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRSS2021[36]"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016360","name":"Zhongyuan University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K2020ZDPY02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2020ZDPY02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A robust vehicle speed measurement system based on feature information fusion for vehicle multi-characteristic detection is proposed in this paper. A vehicle multi-characteristic dataset is constructed. With this dataset, seven CNN-based modern object detection algorithms are trained for vehicle multi-characteristic detection. The FPN-based YOLOv4 is selected as the best vehicle multi-characteristic detection algorithm, which applies feature information fusion of different scales with both rich high-level semantic information and detailed low-level location information. The YOLOv4 algorithm is improved by combing with the attention mechanism, in which the residual module in YOLOv4 is replaced by the ECA channel attention module with cross channel interaction. An improved ECA-YOLOv4 object detection algorithm based on both feature information fusion and cross channel interaction is proposed, which improves the performance of YOLOv4 for vehicle multi-characteristic detection and reduces the model parameter size and FLOPs as well. A multi-characteristic fused speed measurement system based on license plate, logo, and light is designed accordingly. The system performance is verified by experiments. The experimental results show that the speed measurement error rate of the proposed system meets the requirement of the China national standard GB\/T 21555-2007 in which the speed measurement error rate should be less than 6%. The proposed system can efficiently enhance the vehicle speed measurement accuracy and effectively improve the vehicle speed measurement robustness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23070910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T21:16:48Z","timestamp":1626643008000},"page":"910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Robust Vehicle Speed Measurement Based on Feature Information Fusion for Vehicle Multi-Characteristic Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4864-2702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0692-9393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianchen","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9215-0572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"},{"name":"Dongjing Avenue Campus, Kaifeng University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2766-7329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Menglong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8411-7940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengwei","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4714-3311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zixiang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106019","article-title":"A real-time video surveillance system for traffic pre-events detection","volume":"154","author":"Pramanik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. 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