{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T14:57:07Z","timestamp":1769525827850,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61876189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61876189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Much attention has been paid to construct an applicable knowledge measure or uncertainty measure for Atanassov\u2019s intuitionistic fuzzy set (AIFS). However, many of these measures were developed from intuitionistic fuzzy entropy, which cannot really reflect the knowledge amount associated with an AIFS well. Some knowledge measures were constructed based on the distinction between an AIFS and its complementary set, which may lead to information loss in decision making. In this paper, knowledge amount of an AIFS is quantified by calculating the distance from an AIFS to the AIFS with maximum uncertainty. Axiomatic properties for the definition of knowledge measure are extended to a more general level. Then the new knowledge measure is developed based on an intuitionistic fuzzy distance measure. The properties of the proposed distance-based knowledge measure are investigated based on mathematical analysis and numerical examples. The proposed knowledge measure is finally applied to solve the multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problem with intuitionistic fuzzy information. The new MAGDM method is used to evaluate the threat level of malicious code. Experimental results in malicious code threat evaluation demonstrate the effectiveness and validity of proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23091119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]],"date-time":"2021-08-29T21:45:16Z","timestamp":1630273516000},"page":"1119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Distance-Based Knowledge Measure for Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets with Its Application in Decision Making"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Postgraduate School, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0962-0671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yafei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Air and Missile Defense, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(86)80034-3","article-title":"Intuitionistic fuzzy sets","volume":"20","author":"Atanassov","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(89)90215-7","article-title":"More on intuitionistic fuzzy sets","volume":"33","author":"Atanassov","year":"1989","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X","article-title":"Fuzzy sets","volume":"8","author":"Zadeh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Inf. 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