{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:22:10Z","timestamp":1772252530178,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["301777\/2019-5,   313239\/2017-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301777\/2019-5,   313239\/2017-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Large intelligent surfaces (LIS) are a new trend to achieve higher spectral efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio in mobile communications. For this reason, this paper proposes metrics to analyze the performance of systems with multiple antennas aided by LIS and derive the spectral efficiency, secrecy outage probability, and bit error probability in an environment with Nakagami-m distributed fading. In addition to an eavesdropper, there is a single-antenna user, an array of antennas at the transmitter side and the possibility of a direct link between transmitter and receiver. This study assumes that the LIS performs non-ideal phase cancellation leading to a residual phase error that follows a Von Mises distribution, and shows that the resulting channel can be accurately approximated by a Gamma distributed SNR whose parameters are analytically derived. From these formulas, it is possible to evaluate the effect of the strength of the line-of-sight link by varying the Nakagami parameter, m.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23101284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T10:22:42Z","timestamp":1632997362000},"page":"1284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Secrecy Analysis and Error Probability of LIS-Aided Communication Systems under Nakagami-m Fading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9309-1735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Coelho","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein 400, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0785-9606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle S. P.","family":"Facina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein 400, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2167-7286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe A. P.","family":"de Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Santa Rita do Sapuca\u00ed 37540-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0517-1496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Fraidenraich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein 400, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4268-9726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Rodrigues","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hardware Design, Instituto de Pesquisas Eldorado, Campinas 3083-898, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94463","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2995435","article-title":"Performance Analysis of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Wireless Systems and Comparison with Relaying","volume":"8","author":"Boulogeorgos","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2020.3023682","article-title":"Radio Localization and Mapping with Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: Challenges, Opportunities, and Research Directions","volume":"15","author":"Wymeersch","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. 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