{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T17:03:21Z","timestamp":1782407001927,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to deal with the new threat of low altitude slow small (LSS) targets in air defense operations and provide support for LSS target interception decision, we propose a simple and reliable LSS target threat assessment method. Based on the detection capability of LSS targets and their threat characteristics, this paper proposes a threat evaluation factor and threat degree quantization function in line with the characteristics of LSS targets. LSS targets not only have the same threat characteristics as traditional air targets but also have the unique characteristics of flexible mobility and dynamic mission planning. Therefore, we use analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and information entropy to determine the subjective and objective threat factor weights of LSS targets and use the optimization model to combine them to obtain more reliable evaluation weights. Finally, the effectiveness and credibility of the proposed method are verified by experimental simulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23101292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T10:55:40Z","timestamp":1633085740000},"page":"1292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Threat Assessment Method of Low Altitude Slow Small (LSS) Targets Based on Information Entropy and AHP"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ruining","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shucai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0962-0671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yafei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Steinberg, A. (2005, January 25\u201329). An approach to threat assessment. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information Fusion, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Dickerson, B., Sanders, J., Pham, L.V., Casserly, M., and Maldonado, V. (2012). UAV Swarm Attack: Protection System Alternatives for Destroyers, Naval Postgraduate School. Systems Engineering Project Report."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"44","article-title":"Research on UAV swarm combat composition and combat concept","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Def. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"26","article-title":"Drone swarm may change the form of future war","volume":"09","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mil. Dig."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"48","article-title":"Operational conception and key technology of UAV swarm interception system","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Command. Control Simul."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"108","article-title":"Threats and countermeatures of unmanned aerial vehicle swarm to aerial defense","volume":"40","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Natl. Def. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.115088","article-title":"Best-Worst method and Hamacher aggregation operations for intuitionistic 2-tuple linguistic sets","volume":"181","author":"Faizi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman, A., Shekhovtsov, A., Rehman, N., Faizi, S., and Sa\u0142abun, W. (2021). On the Analytic Hierarchy Process Structure in Group Decision-Making Using Incomplete Fuzzy Information with Applications. Symmetry, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13040609"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-020-01639-x","article-title":"D-ANP: A multiple criteria decision making method for supplier selection","volume":"50","author":"Fei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106916","article-title":"A heuristic method to rank the alternatives in the AHP synthesis","volume":"100","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10100-006-0012-9","article-title":"How to derive priorities in AHP: A comparative study","volume":"14","author":"Ishizaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nermend, K., and \u0141atuszy\u0144ska, M. (2016). Research on the Properties of the AHP in the Environment of Inaccurate Expert Evaluations. Selected Issues in Experimental Economics, Springer. Springer Proceedings in Business and, Economics.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28419-4"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"100","article-title":"Overview of target detection technology for low slow small UAV","volume":"4","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Winged Missile"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L. (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw-Hill.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA214804"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girshick, R., Donahue, J., Darrell, T., and Malil, J. (2014, January 23\u201328). Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Columbus, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.81"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Qu, X.T. (2020, June 08). Overview of Detection Technology and Methods of \u201cLow, Slow and Small\u201d UAV. Available online: http:\/\/www.ctctw.com\/page.aspx?node=12&id=456."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"128","article-title":"Detection method for low-slow-small (LSS) UAV","volume":"42","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Command. Control Simul."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"274","article-title":"Present situation and prospect of low-slow-small target surveillance technologies","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radar Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"338","article-title":"Multi feature based BP neural network LSS target recognition method","volume":"38","author":"Bian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Simul."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"63","article-title":"Research on air target threat assessment method in air defense system","volume":"38","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Command. Control Simul."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"288","article-title":"Threat assessment method of \u201clow, slow and small\u201d targets based on Bayesian network","volume":"5","author":"Xin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Command. Control"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.08.862","article-title":"A Threat Assessment Algorithm Based on AHP and Principal Components Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Fu, Z.Y. (2015). Basic Theory and Application of Information Theory, Electronic Industry Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1080\/03081079.2021.1919101","article-title":"Attribute selection for heterogeneous data based on information entropy","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"35","article-title":"Target threat assessment and ranking based on information entropy and TOPSIS","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electron. Opt. Control"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"347","article-title":"Analysis of Fluvial Process Based on Information Entropy","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Tianjin Univ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y.Y., and Yu, M.J. (2018, January 9\u201312). Target threat assessment method based on cloud model and entropy weight. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Innovation in Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3194206.3194225"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, D.Y., Xu, J.Q., Chen, X.L., and Giffin, A. (2016). Information-Theoretic-Entropy Based Weight Aggregation Method in Multiple-Attribute Group Decision-Making. Entropy, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/e18060171"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Feng, P., Jin, J., and Liu, L. (2018). Water Resources Carrying Capacity Evaluation and Diagnosis Based on Set Pair Analysis and Improved the Entropy Weight Method. Entropy, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/e20050359"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"2679","article-title":"Probabilistic linguistic entropy and cross-entroy measures for multiple criteria decision making","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst. Eng. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"87","article-title":"A method of integrating final weights according to subjective and objective weights","volume":"01","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Math. Comput. Math."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/23\/10\/1292\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:08:04Z","timestamp":1760166484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/23\/10\/1292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["e23101292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e23101292","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]}}}