{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:24:57Z","timestamp":1760235897627,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.61802118","No.61801459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.61802118","No.61801459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012152","name":"National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.BX20190335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.BX20190335"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012152","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","award":["No.LH2019F031","No.YQ2020-F013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.LH2019F031","No.YQ2020-F013"]}]},{"name":"University Nursing Program for Young Scholars with Creative Talents in Heilongjiang Province","award":["No.UNPYSCT-2018015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.UNPYSCT-2018015"]}]},{"name":"Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies","award":["No.AHY150100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.AHY150100"]}]},{"name":"Central Universities","award":["No. 21620433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 21620433"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security","award":["No. GCIS201922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. GCIS201922"]}]},{"name":"the open Foundation of State key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology (BUPT)","award":["No.SKLNST-2018-1-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.SKLNST-2018-1-07"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Fund of Heilongjiang University","award":["supported to Kejia Zhang"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["supported to Kejia Zhang"]}]},{"name":"Graduate innovation research project of Heilongjiang University","award":["No.YJSCX2021-082HLJU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.YJSCX2021-082HLJU"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantum dual-signature means that two signed quantum messages are combined and expected to be sent to two different recipients. A quantum signature requires the cooperation of two verifiers to complete the whole verification process. As an important quantum signature aspect, the trusted third party is introduced to the current protocols, which affects the practicability of the quantum signature protocols. In this paper, we propose a quantum dual-signature protocol without arbitrator and entanglement for the first time. In the proposed protocol, two independent verifiers are introduced, here they may be dishonest but not collaborate. Furthermore, strongly nonlocal orthogonal product states are used to preserve the protocol security, i.e., no one can deny or forge a valid signature, even though some of them conspired. Compared with existing quantum signature protocols, this protocol does not require a trusted third party and entanglement resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23101294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T10:55:40Z","timestamp":1633085740000},"page":"1294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Quantum Dual-Signature Protocol Based on SNOP States without Trusted Participant"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9715-6076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kejia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cryptology and Cyberspace Security, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3790-8237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guojing","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1137\/S0036144598347011","article-title":"Polynomial-time algorithms for prime factorization and discrete logarithms on a quantum computer","volume":"41","author":"Shor","year":"1999","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"475","article-title":"An update on quantum cryptography","volume":"196","author":"Bennet","year":"1984","journal-title":"LNCS"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.67.661","article-title":"Quantum cryptography based on Bell\u2019s theorem","volume":"67","author":"Ekert","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys. 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