{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:25:37Z","timestamp":1760235937368,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18\/FRL\/6188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/FRL\/6188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the relationship between non-invasively measured cardiovascular signal entropy and global cognitive performance was explored in a sample of community-dwelling older adults from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), both cross-sectionally at baseline (n = 4525; mean (SD) age: 61.9 (8.4) years; 54.1% female) and longitudinally. We hypothesised that signal disorder in the cardiovascular system, as quantified by short-length signal entropy during rest, could provide a marker for cognitive function. Global cognitive function was assessed via Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) across five longitudinal waves (8 year period; n = 4316; mean (SD) age: 61.9 (8.4) years; 54.4% female) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) across two longitudinal waves (4 year period; n = 3600; mean (SD) age: 61.7 (8.2) years; 54.1% female). Blood pressure (BP) was continuously monitored during supine rest at baseline, and sample entropy values were calculated for one-minute and five-minute sections of this data, both for time-series data interpolated at 5 Hz and beat-to-beat data. Results revealed significant associations between BP signal entropy and cognitive performance, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Results also suggested that as regards associations with cognitive performance, the entropy analysis approach used herein potentially outperformed more traditional cardiovascular measures such as resting heart rate and heart rate variability. The quantification of entropy in short-length BP signals could provide a clinically useful marker of the cardiovascular dysregulations that potentially underlie cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23101337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T09:10:49Z","timestamp":1634202649000},"page":"1337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Associations between Cardiovascular Signal Entropy and Cognitive Performance over Eight Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1245-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvin P.","family":"Knight","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8192-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Siobhan","family":"Scarlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen\u2019s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6388-2184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Celine","family":"De Looze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Rose Anne","family":"Kenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Mercer\u2019s Institute for Successful Ageing (MISA), St. James\u2019s Hospital, D08 E191 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3882-7447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Romero-Ortuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Mercer\u2019s Institute for Successful Ageing (MISA), St. James\u2019s Hospital, D08 E191 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61766-8","article-title":"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.11.1.96","article-title":"The Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association Workgroups on Diagnostic Guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s 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