{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T06:44:52Z","timestamp":1775976292536,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61801127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61801127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"e Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China","award":["No.2019B010140002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2019B010140002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In actual application scenarios of the real-time video confidential communication, encrypted videos must meet three performance indicators: security, real-time, and format compatibility. To satisfy these requirements, an improved bitstream-oriented encryption (BOE) method based chaotic encryption for H.264\/AVC video is proposed. Meanwhile, an ARM-embedded remote real-time video confidential communication system is built for experimental verification in this paper. Firstly, a 4-D self-synchronous chaotic stream cipher algorithm with cosine anti-controllers (4-D SCSCA-CAC) is designed to enhance the security. The algorithm solves the security loopholes of existing self-synchronous chaotic stream cipher algorithms applied to the actual video confidential communication, which can effectively resist the combinational effect of the chosen-ciphertext attack and the divide-and-conquer attack. Secondly, syntax elements of the H.264 bitstream are analyzed in real-time. Motion vector difference (MVD) coefficients and direct-current (DC) components in Residual syntax element are extracted through the Exponential-Golomb decoding operation and entropy decoding operation based on the context-based adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) mode, respectively. Thirdly, the DC components and MVD coefficients are encrypted by the 4-D SCSCA-CAC, and the encrypted syntax elements are re-encoded to replace the syntax elements of the original H.264 bitstream, keeping the format compatibility. Besides, hardware codecs and multi-core multi-threading technology are employed to improve the real-time performance of the hardware system. Finally, experimental results show that the proposed scheme, with the advantage of high efficiency and flexibility, can fulfill the requirement of security, real-time, and format compatibility simultaneously.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23111431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:21:08Z","timestamp":1635805268000},"page":"1431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Design and ARM-Based Implementation of Bitstream-Oriented Chaotic Encryption Scheme for H.264\/AVC Video"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0663-2098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zirui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1227-0791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianxue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1178-4598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heping","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan 528402, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songbin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2842-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuting","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27981","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6022-5","article-title":"Computationally efficient selective video encryption with chaos based block cipher","volume":"77","author":"Altaf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multimed. 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