{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:26:10Z","timestamp":1772252770468,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multichannel EEGs were obtained from healthy participants in the eyes-closed no-task condition and in the eyes-open condition (where the alpha component is typically abolished). EEG dynamics in the two conditions were quantified with two related binary Lempel\u2013Ziv measures of the first principal component, and with three measures of integrated information, including the more recently proposed integrated synergy. Both integrated information and integrated synergy with model order p=1 had greater values in the eyes-closed condition. When the model order of integrated synergy was determined with the Bayesian Information Criterion, this pattern was reversed, and in line with the other measures, integrated synergy was greater in the eyes-open condition. Eyes-open versus eyes-closed separation was quantified by calculating the between-condition effect size. The Lempel\u2013Ziv complexity of the first principal component showed greater separation than the measures of integrated information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23111434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:21:08Z","timestamp":1635805268000},"page":"1434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["On the Operational Utility of Measures of Multichannel EEGs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4624-3951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Darmon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ 07764, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vagalume LLC, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Cellucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquinas LLC, Berwyn, PA 19312, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8045-9740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul E.","family":"Rapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.2307\/25470707","article-title":"Consciousness as integrated information: A provisional manifesto","volume":"215","author":"Tononi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tegmark, M. (2016). Improved measures of integrated information. PLoS Comput. Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005123"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mediano, P.A.M., Seth, A.K., and Barrett, A.B. (2019). Measuring integrated information: Comparison of candidate measures in theory and simulation. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21010017"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01797193","article-title":"\u00dcber das Elektroenkephalogramm des Menchen","volume":"87","author":"Berger","year":"1929","journal-title":"Archive f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/57.4.355","article-title":"The Berger rhythm: Potential changes from the occipital lobes of man","volume":"57","author":"Adrian","year":"1934","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartoyo, A., Cadusch, P.J., Liley, D.T.J., and Hicks, D.G. (2020). Inferring a simple mechanism for alpha-blocking by fitting a neural population model to EEG spectra. PLoS Comput. Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.20.912386"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116408","article-title":"Evidence that alpha blocking is due to increases in system-level oscillatory damping and not neuronal population desynchronization","volume":"208","author":"Liley","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218127405012764","article-title":"Quantitative characterization of the complexity of multichannel human EEGs","volume":"15","author":"Rapp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1976.1055501","article-title":"On the complexity of finite sequences","volume":"IT-22","author":"Lempel","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02163027","article-title":"Singular value decomposition and least squares solutions","volume":"14","author":"Golub","year":"1970","journal-title":"Numer. Math."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Golub, G.H., and Reinsch, C. (1971). Handbook for Automatic Computation. Vol. II. Linear Algebra, Springer."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.00009","article-title":"The algorithmic complexity of multichannel EEGs is sensitive to changes in behavior","volume":"40","author":"Watanabe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5033","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.11.5033","article-title":"A measure for brain complexity: Relating functional segregation and integration in the nervous system","volume":"91","author":"Tononi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"131","article-title":"Application of a neural complexity measure to multichannel EEG","volume":"281A","author":"Stam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1985.6313437","article-title":"Information theoretic covariance complexity and its relation to pattern recognition","volume":"15","author":"Morgera","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"367","article-title":"Information measures for conscious experience","volume":"139","author":"Tononi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tononi, G., and Sporns, O. (2003). Measuring information integration. BMC Neurosci., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-4-31"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-5-42","article-title":"An information integration theory of consciousness","volume":"5","author":"Tononi","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oizumi, M., Albantakis, L., and Tononi, G. (2014). From phenomenology to the mechanisms of consciousness: Integrated information theory 3.0. PLoS Comput. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003588"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Griffith, V. (2014). A principled infotheoretic \u03c6-like measure. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00072-5","article-title":"A neural complexity measures applied to MEG data in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"114","author":"Pijnenburg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00425","article-title":"The effect of electroencephalogram (EEG) reference on information theoretic measures of the complexity and integration of EEG signals","volume":"11","author":"Trujillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1993.10476408","article-title":"Alternatives to the median absolute deviation","volume":"88","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1987.10478410","article-title":"Better bootstrap confidence intervals","volume":"82","author":"Efron","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"McKhann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.11.004","article-title":"Transformation of arbitrary distributions to the normal distribution with application to EEG test-retest reliability","volume":"161","author":"Robinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/23\/11\/1434\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:23:20Z","timestamp":1760167400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/23\/11\/1434"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["e23111434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e23111434","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202108.0342.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]}}}