{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T15:09:53Z","timestamp":1774364993142,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\/22\/E\/HS5\/00406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/22\/E\/HS5\/00406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We are concerned with the time series resulting from the computed local horizontal geoelectric field, obtained with the aid of a 1-D layered Earth model based on local geomagnetic field measurements, for the full solar magnetic cycle of 1996\u20132019, covering the two consecutive solar activity cycles 23 and 24. To our best knowledge, for the first time, the roughness of severe geomagnetic storms is considered by using a monofractal time series analysis of the Earth electric field. We show that during severe geomagnetic storms the Katz fractal dimension of the geoelectric field grows rapidly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23111531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T08:53:56Z","timestamp":1637225636000},"page":"1531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Katz Fractal Dimension of Geoelectric Field during Severe Geomagnetic Storms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1291-5908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Gil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Mathematics, Siedlce University, Konarskiego 2, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"},{"name":"Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bartycka Str. 18A, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1006-1355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile","family":"Glavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Mathematics, Siedlce University, Konarskiego 2, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9946-3547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Wawrzaszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bartycka Str. 18A, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9669-7716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Modzelewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Mathematics, Siedlce University, Konarskiego 2, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9128-3514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukasz","family":"Tomasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bartycka Str. 18A, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandelbrot, B. 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