{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:34:45Z","timestamp":1760236485766,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,4]],"date-time":"2021-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES029511, R01MH122447, R00HD087523, R01ES026033, R01ES014930; R01ES013744, R24ES028522, P30ES023515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES029511, R01MH122447, R00HD087523, R01ES026033, R01ES014930; R01ES013744, R24ES028522, P30ES023515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolism and physiology frequently follow non-linear rhythmic patterns which are reflected in concepts of homeostasis and circadian rhythms, yet few biomarkers are studied as dynamical systems. For instance, healthy human development depends on the assimilation and metabolism of essential elements, often accompanied by exposures to non-essential elements which may be toxic. In this study, we applied laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to reconstruct longitudinal exposure profiles of essential and non-essential elements throughout prenatal and early post-natal development. We applied cross-recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA) to characterize dynamics involved in elemental integration, and to construct a graph-theory based analysis of elemental metabolism. Our findings show how exposure to lead, a well-characterized toxicant, perturbs the metabolism of essential elements. In particular, our findings indicate that high levels of lead exposure dysregulate global aspects of metabolic network connectivity. For example, the magnitude of each element\u2019s degree was increased in children exposed to high lead levels. Similarly, high lead exposure yielded discrete effects on specific essential elements, particularly zinc and magnesium, which showed reduced network metrics compared to other elements. In sum, this approach presents a new, systems-based perspective on the dynamics involved in elemental metabolism during critical periods of human development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23121633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T21:01:45Z","timestamp":1638738105000},"page":"1633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Network Dynamics in Elemental Assimilation and Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Austen","family":"Curtin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4640-804X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Giuliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9228-6410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Ruiz Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de M\u00e9todos Cuantitativos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0947-4029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francheska","family":"Merced-Nieves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3322-3334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha M.","family":"T\u00e9llez-Rojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Robert O.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3749-3868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Curtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2021.03.005","article-title":"Metal mixtures and neurodevelopment: Recent findings and emerging principles","volume":"26","author":"Arora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. 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