{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T22:09:15Z","timestamp":1782770955802,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In previous research, we showed that \u2018texts that tell a story\u2019 exhibit a statistical structure that is not Maxwell\u2013Boltzmann but Bose\u2013Einstein. Our explanation is that this is due to the presence of \u2018indistinguishability\u2019 in human language as a result of the same words in different parts of the story being indistinguishable from one another, in much the same way that \u2019indistinguishability\u2019 occurs in quantum mechanics, also there leading to the presence of Bose\u2013Einstein rather than Maxwell\u2013Boltzmann as a statistical structure. In the current article, we set out to provide an explanation for this Bose\u2013Einstein statistics in human language. We show that it is the presence of \u2018meaning\u2019 in \u2018texts that tell a story\u2019 that gives rise to the lack of independence characteristic of Bose\u2013Einstein, and provides conclusive evidence that \u2018words can be considered the quanta of human language\u2019, structurally similar to how \u2018photons are the quanta of electromagnetic radiation\u2019. Using several studies on entanglement from our Brussels research group, we also show, by introducing the von Neumann entropy for human language, that it is also the presence of \u2018meaning\u2019 in texts that makes the entropy of a total text smaller relative to the entropy of the words composing it. We explain how the new insights in this article fit in with the research domain called \u2018quantum cognition\u2019, where quantum probability models and quantum vector spaces are used in human cognition, and are also relevant to the use of quantum structures in information retrieval and natural language processing, and how they introduce \u2018quantization\u2019 and \u2018Bose\u2013Einstein statistics\u2019 as relevant quantum effects there. Inspired by the conceptuality interpretation of quantum mechanics, and relying on the new insights, we put forward hypotheses about the nature of physical reality. In doing so, we note how this new type of decrease in entropy, and its explanation, may be important for the development of quantum thermodynamics. We likewise note how it can also give rise to an original explanatory picture of the nature of physical reality on the surface of planet Earth, in which human culture emerges as a reinforcing continuation of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24010006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T09:50:43Z","timestamp":1640080243000},"page":"6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Are Words the Quanta of Human Language? 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