{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:42:33Z","timestamp":1779896553104,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Up to now, most of the forensics methods have attached more attention to natural content images. To expand the application of image forensics technology, forgery detection for certificate images that can directly represent people\u2019s rights and interests is investigated in this paper. Variable tampered region scales and diverse manipulation types are two typical characteristics in fake certificate images. To tackle this task, a novel method called Multi-level Feature Attention Network (MFAN) is proposed. MFAN is built following the encoder\u2013decoder network structure. In order to extract features with rich scale information in the encoder, on the one hand, we employ Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) on the final layer of a pre-trained residual network to capture the contextual information at different scales; on the other hand, low-level features are concatenated to ensure the sensibility to small targets. Furthermore, the resulting multi-level features are recalibrated on channels for irrelevant information suppression and enhancing the tampered regions, guiding the MFAN to adapt to diverse manipulation traces. In the decoder module, the attentive feature maps are convoluted and unsampled to effectively generate the prediction mask. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method outperforms some state-of-the-art forensics methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24010118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T10:57:37Z","timestamp":1642071457000},"page":"118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["MFAN: Multi-Level Features Attention Network for Fake Certificate Image Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongrong","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Wu, S., and Xu, X. 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