{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:33:26Z","timestamp":1781649206596,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent decades, there has been an increasing trend toward the technical development of efficient energy system assessment tools owing to the growing energy demand and subsequent greenhouse gas emissions. Accordingly, in this paper, a comprehensive emergy-based exergoeconomic (emergoeconomic) method has been developed to study the biomass combustion waste heat recovery organic Rankine cycle (BCWHR-ORC), taking into account thermodynamics, economics, and sustainability aspects. To this end, the system was formulated in Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software, and then the exergy, exergoeconomic, and emergoeconomic analyses were conducted accordingly. The exergy analysis results revealed that the evaporator unit with 55.05 kilowatts and the turbine with 89.57% had the highest exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency, respectively. Based on the exergoeconomic analysis, the cost per exergy unit (c), and the cost rate (C\u02d9) of the output power of the system were calculated to be 24.13 USD\/GJ and 14.19 USD\/h, respectively. Next, by applying the emergoeconomic approach, the monetary emergy content of the system components and the flows were calculated to evaluate the system\u2019s sustainability. Accordingly, the turbine was found to have the highest monetary emergy rate of capital investment, equal to 5.43\u00d71012\u00a0sej\/h, and an output power monetary emergy of 4.77\u00d7104\u00a0sej\/J. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the system\u2019s overall performance characteristics from an exergoeconomic perspective, regarding the changes in the transformation coefficients (specific monetary emergy).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24020209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T01:41:59Z","timestamp":1643420519000},"page":"209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Energy, Exergy, Exergoeconomic and Emergy-Based Exergoeconomic (Emergoeconomic) Analyses of a Biomass Combustion Waste Heat Recovery Organic Rankine Cycle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6976-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed Khojaste","family":"Effatpanah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood 3619995161, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0097-2534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood 3619995161, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Hamid","family":"Delbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Renewable Energies and Environmental, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5676-8575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Lorenzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze, 181\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.10.018","article-title":"Thermodynamic analysis of Organic Rankine cycle driven by reversed absorber hybrid photovoltaic thermal compound parabolic concentrator system","volume":"147","author":"Tiwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2011.03.069","article-title":"Comparative assessment of alternative cycles for waste heat recovery and upgrade","volume":"36","author":"Little","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.07.086","article-title":"Thermodynamic performance optimization of the absorption-generation process in an absorption refrigeration cycle","volume":"126","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2008.12.004","article-title":"Development of small-scale and micro-scale biomass-fueled CHP systems\u2014A literature review","volume":"29","author":"Dong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geothermics.2009.08.001","article-title":"Optimal design of binary cycle power plants for water-dominated, medium-temperature geothermal fields","volume":"38","author":"Franco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2010.06.032","article-title":"Preliminary design of seawater and brackish water reverse osmosis desalination systems driven by low-temperature solar organic Rankine cycles (ORC)","volume":"51","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2012.09.021","article-title":"Fluids and parameters optimization for the organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) used in exhaust heat recovery of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)","volume":"47","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.03.011","article-title":"Direct vs indirect evaporation in Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems: A comparison of the dynamic behavior for waste heat recovery of engine exhaust","volume":"242","author":"Wieland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.03.190","article-title":"A theoretical study on a novel combined organic Rankine cycle and ejector heat pump","volume":"176","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-5442(96)00165-X","article-title":"A review of organic rankine cycles (ORCs) for the recovery of low-grade waste heat","volume":"22","author":"Hung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1002\/er.1952","article-title":"Thermodynamic analysis of double-stage biomass fired Organic Rankine Cycle for micro-cogeneration","volume":"36","author":"Heberle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2008.12.025","article-title":"Fluid selection for a low-temperature solar organic Rankine cycle","volume":"29","author":"Tchanche","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esd.2011.06.002","article-title":"Power production from a moderate temperature geothermal resource with regenerative Organic Rankine Cycles","volume":"15","author":"Franco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2019.100663","article-title":"Targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to overcome anti-cancer drug resistance","volume":"48","author":"Narayanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.01.028","article-title":"Techno-economic survey of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems","volume":"22","author":"Quoilin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.09.159","article-title":"A World Overview of the Organic Rankine Cycle Market","volume":"129","author":"Tartiere","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2011.12.021","article-title":"Comparative energetic analysis of high-temperature subcritical and transcritical Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). A biomass application in the Sibari district","volume":"36","author":"Algieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2021.117959","article-title":"Detailed transient assessment of a small-scale concentrated solar power plant based on the organic Rankine cycle","volume":"204","author":"Marinheiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"101172","article-title":"Parametric study on the exergetic and cyclic performance of a solar-powered organic Rankine cycle coupled with a thermal energy storage and complete flashing cycle","volume":"45","author":"Sinasac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.11.057","article-title":"Binary ORC (Organic Rankine Cycles) power plants for the exploitation of medium\u2013low temperature geothermal sources\u2014Part B: Techno-economic optimization","volume":"66","author":"Astolfi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2015.04.069","article-title":"Exergoeconomic analysis and optimization of basic, dual-pressure and dual-fluid ORCs and Kalina geothermal power plants: A comparative study","volume":"83","author":"Shokati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04016048","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000397","article-title":"Technoeconomic Analysis and Comparison of a Solar-Based Biomass ORC-VCC System and a PV Heat Pump for Domestic Trigeneration","volume":"143","author":"Braimakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Energy Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2015.06.080","article-title":"Energy\u2013exergy analysis and economic investigation of a cogeneration and trigeneration ORC\u2013VCC hybrid system utilizing biomass fuel and solar power","volume":"107","author":"Karellas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.03.112","article-title":"Organic Rankine cycle saves energy and reduces gas emissions for cement production","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2018.10.088","article-title":"Assessment of a Kalina cycle for waste heat recovery in the cement industry","volume":"147","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2013.11.016","article-title":"Effect and comparison of different working fluids on a two-stage organic rankine cycle (ORC) concept","volume":"63","author":"Meinel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"2042","article-title":"Parameters optimization and performance analysis of organic rankine cycle for industrial waste heat recovery","volume":"33","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eng. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.06.093","article-title":"A systematic method to customize an efficient organic Rankine cycle (ORC) to recover waste heat in refineries","volume":"179","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.12.061","article-title":"Simultaneous heat integration and techno-economic optimization of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for multiple waste heat stream recovery","volume":"119","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.113079","article-title":"Power and efficiency optimizations of an irreversible regenerative organic Rankine cycle","volume":"220","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2017.12.093","article-title":"Energetic optimization of regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) configurations","volume":"159","author":"Braimakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"101401","article-title":"Parametric analysis and multi-objective optimization of a combined Organic Rankine Cycle and Vapor Compression Cycle","volume":"47","author":"Zhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.122620","article-title":"Maximizing the power output and net present value of organic Rankine cycle: Application to aluminium industry","volume":"239","author":"Dokl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Kuang, G., Zhu, L., Wang, S., and Zhao, J. (2019). Experimental Investigation of a 300 kW Organic Rankine Cycle Unit with Radial Turbine for Low-Grade Waste Heat Recovery. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21060619"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ming, Y., and Zhou, N. (2020). Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of a Waste Heat Power Generation System (WHPGS) Applied to the Sidewalls of Aluminum Reduction Cells. Entropy, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/e22111279"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2020.116202","article-title":"Thermodynamic and techno-economic assessment of pure and zeotropic fluid ORCs for waste heat recovery in a biomass IGCC plant","volume":"183","author":"Georgousopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2014.10.020","article-title":"Comparative study of alternative ORC-based com-bined power systems to exploit high temperature waste heat","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.05.174","article-title":"A comparative thermoeco-nomic evaluation of three biomass and biomass-natural gas fired combined cycles using organic Rankine cycles","volume":"161","author":"Moharamian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2019.111803","article-title":"Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of a novel organic Rankine cycle-based micro-scale cogeneration system using biomass fuel","volume":"198","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2019.06.064","article-title":"Biomass retrofit for existing solar organic Rankine cycle power plants: Conceptual hybridization strategy and techno-economic assessment","volume":"196","author":"Oyekale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.10.205","article-title":"Consolidating exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analyses using the emergy concept for better understanding energy conversion systems","volume":"172","author":"Aghbashlo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2021, January 25). Therminol\u00ae VP-1. Available online: http:\/\/www.therminol.com\/products\/Therminol-VP1."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2010.10.051","article-title":"Working fluids for high-temperature organic Rankine cycles","volume":"36","author":"Lai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.05.094","article-title":"Exergetic and heat load optimization of high temperature organic Rankine cycle","volume":"171","author":"Aziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-5442(93)90006-Y","article-title":"Theory of the exergetic cost","volume":"18","author":"Lozano","year":"1993","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazzaretto, A., and Tsatsaronis, G. (1996, January 17\u201322). A General Process-Based Methodology for Exergy Costing. Proceedings of the 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exhibition, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/IMECE1996-0300"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2005.03.011","article-title":"SPECO: A systematic and general methodology for calculating efficiencies and costs in thermal systems","volume":"31","author":"Lazzaretto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Bejan, A., Tsatsaronis, G., and Moran, M. (1996). Thermal Design and Optimization, John Wiley and Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Turton, R., Bailie, R.C., Whiting, W.B., and Shaeiwitz, J.A. (2008). Analysis, Synthesis and Design of Chemical Processes, Pearson Education."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.08.098","article-title":"A comparative profitability study of geothermal electricity production in developed and de-veloping countries: Exergoeconomic analysis and optimization of different ORC configurations","volume":"115","author":"Karimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2019.112311","article-title":"Exergoeconomic analysis and optimization of a Gas Turbine-Modular Helium Reactor with new organic Rankine cycle for efficient design and operation","volume":"204","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2021, January 25). Available online: https:\/\/www.chemengonline.com\/2019-chemical-engineering-plant-cost-index-annual-average\/."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2017.06.126","article-title":"Thermoeconomic analysis of a new combination of ammonia\/water power generation cycle with GT-MHR cycle and LNG cryogenic exergy","volume":"124","author":"Mosaffa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-013-0615-5","article-title":"Emergy-based life cycle assessment (Em-LCA) for sustainability appraisal of infrastructure systems: A case study on paved roads","volume":"16","author":"Reza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clean Technol. Environ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.1021\/es203440n","article-title":"Improvements to Emergy Evaluations by Using Life Cycle Assessment","volume":"46","author":"Rugani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2006.08.009","article-title":"Emergy as a function of exergy","volume":"32","author":"Bastianoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.02.170","article-title":"Emergy analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for waste heat power generation","volume":"183","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Odum, H.T. (1996). Environmental Accounting, Emergy and Environmental Decision Making, John Wiley."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2011.11.063","article-title":"Emergy evaluation of combined heat and power plant processes","volume":"43","author":"Sha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.12.210","article-title":"Performance analysis of high temperature cascade organic Rankine cycle coupled with water heating system","volume":"170","author":"Aziz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/24\/2\/209\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:10:07Z","timestamp":1760134207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/24\/2\/209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["e24020209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e24020209","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]}}}