{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T04:59:09Z","timestamp":1779080349674,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2192051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2192051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zinc injection technology (zinc water chemistry, ZWC) was widely applied in pressurized water reactor (PWR) primary circuits to reduce radiation buildup and improve corrosion resistance of structural materials. The simultaneous injection of zinc-aluminium (ZAWC) is a novel implement created to replace part of Zn2+ by Al3+. It was reported ZAWC can improve further corrosion resistance of carbon steels and stainless steels. However, ZAWC sometimes showed even negative effects on Nickel-alloys. In this study, mechanism of formation of oxide film on metals was investigated. The reactions of Fe2+ Ni2+ in oxide films replaced by Zn2+, or Fe3+ replaced by Al3+ in ZAWC were analysed. The thermodynamic data and solubility of mixed oxides (ZnFe2O4, ZnCr2O4, and ZnAl2O4), the products of replace reactions, were calculated. According to the Gibbs free energy difference between products and reactants, \u0394G\u03b8(T) values of the formation reaction of ZnFe2O4, ZnCr2O4, and ZnAl2O4 are extremely negative. Solubility of ZnAl2O4 is the lowest among mixed oxide products, which implies the oxide film composites of ZnAl2O4 may show a lower corrosion rate. In addition, the preferential formation of NiAl2O4 on Ni-based-alloy, under ZAWC, was discussed based on crystallographic properties of spinel, which was considered as the cause of negative effects of ZAWC on corrosion resistance of Nickel-alloys. This research provides an analytical basis for the study of thermodynamic stability of oxide films under different chemical chemistry and a theoretical basis for improving corrosion resistance of different metals and optimizing the chemical conditions of PWR primary circuit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24020245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:36:47Z","timestamp":1644179807000},"page":"245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Thermodynamic Analysis and Crystallographic Properties of MFe2O4, MCr2O4 and MAl2O4 (M = Fe, Ni, Zn) Formed on Structural Materials in Pressurized Water Reactor Primary Circuit under Zinc and Zinc-aluminum Water Chemistry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Jiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"},{"name":"Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shenghan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"},{"name":"Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"},{"name":"Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvar, M.L., and Curieres, I.D. 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