{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T02:24:15Z","timestamp":1768789455539,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F2019501012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2019501012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes an H\u221e observer based on descriptor systems to estimate the state of charge (SOC). The battery\u2019s open-current voltage is chosen as a generalized state variable, thereby avoiding the artificial derivative calculation of the algebraic equation for the SOC. Furthermore, the observer\u2019s dynamic performance is saved. To decrease the impacts of the uncertain noise and parameter perturbations, nonlinear H\u221e theory is implemented to design the observer. The sufficient conditions for the H\u221e observer to guarantee the disturbance suppression performance index are given and proved by the Lyapunov stability theory. This paper systematically gives the design steps of battery SOC H\u221e observers. The simulation results highlight the accuracy, transient performance, and robustness of the presented method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24030420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:26:22Z","timestamp":1647811582000},"page":"420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["H\u221e Observer Based on Descriptor Systems Applied to Estimate the State of Charge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3239-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengya","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shihong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Aviation University Air Force, Changchun 130000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7530-5659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heng","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6852-7173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanwei","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aiping","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"396","article-title":"Blockchain-Based Electric Vehicle Incentive System for Renewable Energy Consumption","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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