{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:58:19Z","timestamp":1760151499152,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The future 6G mobile communication network will support an unprecedented amount of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, which will boost the demand for low cost terminals under the principle of green communication. One of the critical issues for low cost terminals is the sampling rate of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) at the receivers. A high sampling rate of the ADC gives rise to a high energy consumption and high hardware cost for the terminal. In the conventional multi-user OFDM systems, all users have to sample the received signal with a sampling rate that is larger than or equal to the Nyquist rate, despite only a small fraction of the bandwidth (number of subcarriers) is allocated to each user. This paper proposes a low sampling rate receiver design for multi-antenna multi-user OFDM systems. With the aid of zero-forcing precoding, the sampling rate of the receiver can be reduced to 1\/K of the Nyquist rate, where K is the number of users. The simulation results show that with a significant reduction in sampling rate, performance loss is insignificant and acceptable in terms of bit error rate, mutual information and peak-to-average power ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24040448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:05:18Z","timestamp":1648166718000},"page":"448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Low Sampling Rate Receiver Design for Multi-Antenna Multi-User OFDM Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zeliang","family":"Ou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Wireless Communication Center, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7541-8474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongwen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Wireless Communication Center, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5408","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3038804","article-title":"Toward Green Communication in 6G-Enabled Massive Internet of Things","volume":"8","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12093","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3060858","article-title":"Code-Division OFDM Joint Communication and Sensing System for 6G Machine-Type Communication","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2019.2921208","article-title":"6G Wireless Networks: Vision, Requirements, Architecture, and Key Technologies","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. 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