{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T13:23:20Z","timestamp":1768483400554,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/V003534\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V003534\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R029369\/1."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R029369\/1."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The statistical behaviours of different entropy generation mechanisms in the head-on interaction of turbulent premixed flames with a chemically inert wall within turbulent boundary layers have been analysed using Direct Numerical Simulation data. The entropy generation characteristics in the case of head-on premixed flame interaction with an isothermal wall is compared to that for an adiabatic wall. It has been found that entropy generation due to chemical reaction, thermal diffusion and molecular mixing remain comparable when the flame is away from the wall for both wall boundary conditions. However, the wall boundary condition affects the entropy generation during flame-wall interaction. In the case of isothermal wall, the entropy generation due to chemical reaction vanishes because of flame quenching and the entropy generation due to thermal diffusion becomes the leading entropy generator at the wall. By contrast, the entropy generation due to thermal diffusion and molecular mixing decrease at the adiabatic wall because of the vanishing wall-normal components of the gradients of temperature and species mass\/mole fractions. These differences have significant effects on the overall entropy generation rate during flame-wall interaction, which suggest that combustor wall cooling needs to be optimized from the point of view of structural integrity and thermodynamic irreversibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24040463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:27:51Z","timestamp":1648416471000},"page":"463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Entropy Generation during Head-On Interaction of Premixed Flames with Inert Walls within Turbulent Boundary Layers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2182-8929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjeev Kr.","family":"Ghai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7828-7895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umair","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1690-2036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilanjan","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2637-2104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3451063","article-title":"A study of entropy generation in fundamental convective heat transfer","volume":"101","author":"Bejan","year":"1979","journal-title":"ASME J. Heat Trans."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.2514\/3.197","article-title":"Entropy production in boundary layers","volume":"4","author":"Arpaci","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Thermophys. Heat Trans."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(87)90168-2","article-title":"Entropy generation in combined heat and mass transfer","volume":"30","author":"San","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Trans."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-5442(89)90080-7","article-title":"Second law analysis of combined heat and mass transfer phenomena in external flow","volume":"14","author":"Poulikakos","year":"1989","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/00102209408907687","article-title":"Sources of combustion irreversibility","volume":"103","author":"Dunbar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2795040","article-title":"Entropy generation in multicomponent reacting flows","volume":"120","author":"Teng","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Energ. Resour.-ASME"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(92)90099-E","article-title":"Second law analysis of convective droplet burning","volume":"35","author":"Puri","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Trans."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/31\/13\/015","article-title":"Entropy balance and exergy analysis of the process of droplet combustion","volume":"31","author":"Hiwase","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/00102209908924187","article-title":"Thermodynamic irreversibilities and second law analysis in a spray combustion process","volume":"142","author":"Som","year":"1999","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(88)90022-3","article-title":"Entropic efficiency of energy systems","volume":"73","author":"Arpaci","year":"1988","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S1540-7489(02)80111-0","article-title":"Analysis of entropy generation and exergy loss during combustion","volume":"29","author":"Nishida","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/00102200008935776","article-title":"Entropy generation in a confined laminar diffusion flame","volume":"159","author":"Datta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2008.09.103","article-title":"Analysis of entropy generation in hydrogen-enriched methane\u2013air propagating triple flames","volume":"34","author":"Briones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043506","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2769784","article-title":"Thermodynamics of flame impingement heat transfer","volume":"102","author":"Som","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"497","article-title":"Entropy production of emerging turbulent scales in a temporal supercritical n-Heptane\/Nitrogen three-dimensional mixing layer","volume":"28","author":"Bellan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3390\/e12030434","article-title":"Entropy transport equation in Large Eddy Simulation for exergy analysis of turbulent combustion systems","volume":"12","author":"Safari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2007.09.001","article-title":"Thermodynamic irreversibilities and exergy balance in combustion processes","volume":"34","author":"Som","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.3390\/e15051540","article-title":"A Direct Numerical Simulation based analysis of entropy generation in turbulent premixed flames","volume":"15","author":"Farran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032201","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4028693","article-title":"Modelling of entropy generation in turbulent premixed flames for Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations: A Direct Numerical Simulation analysis","volume":"137","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Energy Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Ries, F., Nishad, K., and Sadiki, A. (2021). Predictions of conjugate heat transfer in turbulent channel flow using advanced wall-modeled Large Eddy Simulation techniques. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23060725"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ries, F., Li, Y., Nishad, K., Janicka, J., and Sadiki, A. (2019). Entropy generation analysis and thermodynamic optimization of jet impingement cooling using Large Eddy Simulation. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21020129"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziefuss, M., Karimi, N., Ries, F., Sadiki, A., and Mehdizadeh, A. (2019). Entropy generation assessment for wall-bounded turbulent shear flows based on Reynolds analogy assumptions. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21121157"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Hirschfelder, J.C., Curtiss, C.F., and Bird, R.B. (1954). Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, D., and Sakell, L. (1999). Recent Advances in DNS and LES, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-4513-8"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(93)90056-9","article-title":"Direct simulation and modelling of flame-wall interaction for premixed turbulent combustion","volume":"95","author":"Poinsot","year":"1993","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(98)80474-8","article-title":"Turbulence, scalar transport, and reaction rates in flame-wall interaction","volume":"27","author":"Alshaalan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(95)00263-4","article-title":"Flame-wall interaction simulation in a turbulent channel flow","volume":"107","author":"Bruneaux","year":"1996","journal-title":"Combust Flame"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112097006769","article-title":"Premixed flame\u2013wall interaction in a turbulent channel flow: Budget for the flame surface density evolution equation and modelling","volume":"349","author":"Bruneaux","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10494-020-00169-3","article-title":"Scalar gradient and strain rate statistics in oblique premixed flame-wall interaction within turbulent channel flows","volume":"106","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Flow Turb. Combust."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2021.111575","article-title":"Assessment of Bray Moss Libby formulation for premixed flame-wall interaction within turbulent boundary layers: Influence of flow configuration","volume":"233","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatfluidflow.2021.108881","article-title":"Influence of thermal wall boundary condition on scalar statistics during flame-wall interaction of premixed combustion in turbulent boundary layers","volume":"82","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s10494-018-9907-5","article-title":"Direct Numerical Simulation of head-on quenching of statistically planar turbulent premixed methane-air flames using a detailed chemical mechanism","volume":"101","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Flow Turbul. Combust."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatfluidflow.2021.108896","article-title":"A comparison between head-on quenching of stoichiometric methane-air and hydrogen-air premixed flames using Direct Numerical Simulations","volume":"93","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocs.2016.11.001","article-title":"OpenSBLI: A framework for the automated derivation and parallel execution of finite difference solvers on a range of computerarchitectures","volume":"18","author":"Jacobs","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/fld.3767","article-title":"High-order CFD methods: Current status and perspective","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2011.11.013","article-title":"Mapping application performance to HPC architecture","volume":"183","author":"Grey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Phys Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2018.03.010","article-title":"A Direct Numerical Simulation analysis of pressure variation in turbulent premixed Bunsen burner flames-Part 1: Scalar gradient and strain rate statistics","volume":"173","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2020.1729265","article-title":"Turbulent length scales and budgets of Reynolds stress-transport for open-channel flows; friction Reynolds numbers (Re\u03c4) = 150, 400 and 1020","volume":"59","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, N. (2000). Turbulent Combustion, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511612701"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/13647830600898995","article-title":"Characteristic boundary conditions for simulations of compressible reacting flows with multi-dimensional, viscous and reaction effects","volume":"11","author":"Yoo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Combust. Theory Model."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2016.07.053","article-title":"A numerical study of diffusive effects in turbulent lean premixed hydrogen flames","volume":"36","author":"Aspden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tennekes, H., and Lumley, J.L. (1972). A First Course in Turbulence, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3014.001.0001"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/24\/4\/463\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:44:26Z","timestamp":1760136266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/24\/4\/463"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["e24040463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e24040463","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]]}}}