{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:23:59Z","timestamp":1778905439051,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Foundation DFG"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The behaviors of spray, in Reactivity Controlled Combustion Ignition (RCCI) dual fuel engine and subsequent emissions formation, are numerically addressed. Five spray cone angles ranging between 5\u00b0 and 25\u00b0 with an advanced injection timing of 22\u00b0 Before Top Dead Center (BTDC) are considered. The objective of this paper is twofold: (a) to enhance engine behaviors in terms of performances and consequent emissions by adjusting spray cone angle and (b) to outcome the exergy efficiency for each case. The simulations are conducted using the Ansys-forte tool. The turbulence model is the Renormalization Group (RNG) K-epsilon, which is selected for its effectiveness in strongly sheared flows. The spray breakup is governed by the hybrid model Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz and Rayleigh\u2013Taylor spray models. A surrogate of n-heptane, which contains 425 species and 3128 reactions, is used for diesel combustion modeling. The obtained results for methane\/diesel engine combustion, under low load operating conditions, include the distribution of heat transfer flux, pressure, temperature, Heat Release Rate (HRR), and Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD). An exergy balance analysis is conducted to quantify the engine performances. Output emissions at the outlet of the combustion chamber are also monitored in this work. Investigations show a pressure decrease for a cone angle \u03b8 = 5\u00b0 of roughly 8%, compared to experimental measurement (\u03b8 = 10\u00b0). A broader cone angle produces a higher mass of NOx. The optimum spray cone angle, in terms of exergy efficiency, performance, and consequent emissions is found to lie at 15\u00b0 \u2264 \u03b8 \u2264 20\u00b0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24050650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T13:10:26Z","timestamp":1651756226000},"page":"650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Impact of Spray Cone Angle on the Performances of Methane\/Diesel RCCI Engine Combustion under Low Load Operating Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1404-1973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fathi","family":"Hamdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Mechanical Modeling, Energy and Materials, National School of Engineers of Gabes, University of Gabes, UR17ES47, Gabes 6029, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Senda","family":"Agrebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Mechanical Modeling, Energy and Materials, National School of Engineers of Gabes, University of Gabes, UR17ES47, Gabes 6029, Tunisia"},{"name":"Institute of Energy and Power Plant Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Salah","family":"Idrissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Mechanical Modeling, Energy and Materials, National School of Engineers of Gabes, University of Gabes, UR17ES47, Gabes 6029, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kambale","family":"Mondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Mechanical Modeling, Energy and Materials, National School of Engineers of Gabes, University of Gabes, UR17ES47, Gabes 6029, Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Mod\u00e9lisation M\u00e9canique, Energ\u00e9tique et Mat\u00e9riaux, Institut Sup\u00e9rieur des Techniques Appliqu\u00e9es, B.P., 31 NDOLO, Kinshasa 6534, Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeineb","family":"Labiadh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Mechanical Modeling, Energy and Materials, National School of Engineers of Gabes, University of Gabes, UR17ES47, Gabes 6029, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amsini","family":"Sadiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy and Power Plant Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Mod\u00e9lisation M\u00e9canique, Energ\u00e9tique et Mat\u00e9riaux, Institut Sup\u00e9rieur des Techniques Appliqu\u00e9es, B.P., 31 NDOLO, Kinshasa 6534, Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mouldi","family":"Chrigui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Mechanical Modeling, Energy and Materials, National School of Engineers of Gabes, University of Gabes, UR17ES47, Gabes 6029, Tunisia"},{"name":"Institute of Energy and Power Plant Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.05.079","article-title":"Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Sandia methane-air flame by using a biofuel","volume":"128","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. 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