{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T21:32:08Z","timestamp":1780522328893,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Foundation DFG","award":["494 SA 836\/15-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["494 SA 836\/15-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Even though there is a pressing interest in clean energy sources, compression ignition (CI) engines, also called diesel engines, will remain of great importance for transportation sectors as well as for power generation in stationary applications in the foreseeable future. In order to promote applications dealing with complex diesel alternative fuels by facilitating their integration in numerical simulation, this paper targets three objectives. First, generate novel diesel fuel surrogates with more than one component. Here, five surrogates are generated using an advanced chemistry solver and are compared against three mechanisms from the literature. Second, validate the suggested reaction mechanisms (RMs) with experimental data. For this purpose, an engine configuration, which features a reacting spray flow evolving in a direct-injection (DI), single-cylinder, and four-stroke motor, is used. The RNG k-Epsilon coupled to power-law combustion models is applied to describe the complex in-cylinder turbulent reacting flow, while the hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian Kelvin Helmholtz-Rayleigh Taylor (KH-RT) spray model is employed to capture the spray breakup. Third, highlight the impact of these surrogate fuels on the combustion properties along with the exergy of the engine. The results include distribution of temperature, pressure, heat release rate (HRR), vapor penetration length, and exergy efficiency. The effect of the surrogates on pollutant formation (NOX, CO, CO2) is also highlighted. The fifth surrogate showed 47% exergy efficiency. The fourth surrogate agreed well with the maximum experimental pressure, which equaled 85 Mpa. The first, second, and third surrogates registered 400, 316, and 276 g\/kg fuel, respectively, of the total CO mass fraction at the outlet. These quantities were relatively higher compared to the fourth and fifth RMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24050671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T08:31:55Z","timestamp":1652171515000},"page":"671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Impact of Multi-Component Surrogates on the Performances, Pollutants, and Exergy of IC Engines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Kambale","family":"Mondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Mechanical Modeling, Energy and Materials, National School of Engineers of Gabes, University of Gabes, UR17ES47, Gabes 6029, Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Mod\u00e9lisation M\u00e9canique, Energ\u00e9tique et Mat\u00e9riaux, Institut Sup\u00e9rieur des Techniques Appliqu\u00e9es, 31 NDOLO, Kinshasa P.O. Box 6534, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senda","family":"Agrebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Mechanical Modeling, Energy and Materials, National School of Engineers of Gabes, University of Gabes, UR17ES47, Gabes 6029, Tunisia"},{"name":"Institute for Energy and Power Plant Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1404-1973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fathi","family":"Hamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Mechanical Modeling, Energy and Materials, National School of Engineers of Gabes, University of Gabes, UR17ES47, Gabes 6029, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Lakhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Mechanical Modeling, Energy and Materials, National School of Engineers of Gabes, University of Gabes, UR17ES47, Gabes 6029, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amsini","family":"Sadiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Mod\u00e9lisation M\u00e9canique, Energ\u00e9tique et Mat\u00e9riaux, Institut Sup\u00e9rieur des Techniques Appliqu\u00e9es, 31 NDOLO, Kinshasa P.O. Box 6534, Congo"},{"name":"Institute for Energy and Power Plant Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mouldi","family":"Chrigui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Mechanical Modeling, Energy and Materials, National School of Engineers of Gabes, University of Gabes, UR17ES47, Gabes 6029, Tunisia"},{"name":"Institute for Energy and Power Plant Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111502","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4030416","article-title":"A Multicomponent Blend as a Diesel Fuel Surrogate for Compression Ignition Engine Applications","volume":"137","author":"Pei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eng. 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