{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:06:21Z","timestamp":1783573581525,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mobile multimedia communication requires considerable resources such as bandwidth and efficiency to support Quality-of-Service (QoS) and user Quality-of-Experience (QoE). To increase the available bandwidth, 5G network designers have incorporated Cognitive Radio (CR), which can adjust communication parameters according to the needs of an application. The transmission errors occur in wireless networks, which, without remedial action, will result in degraded video quality. Secure transmission is also a challenge for such channels. Therefore, this paper\u2019s innovative scheme \u201cVQProtect\u201d focuses on the visual quality protection of compressed videos by detecting and correcting channel errors while at the same time maintaining video end-to-end confidentiality so that the content remains unwatchable. For the purpose, a two-round secure process is implemented on selected syntax elements of the compressed H.264\/AVC bitstreams. To uphold the visual quality of data affected by channel errors, a computationally efficient Forward Error Correction (FEC) method using Random Linear Block coding (with complexity of O(k(n\u22121)) is implemented to correct the erroneous data bits, effectively eliminating the need for retransmission. Errors affecting an average of 7\u201310% of the video data bits were simulated with the Gilbert\u2013Elliot model when experimental results demonstrated that 90% of the resulting channel errors were observed to be recoverable by correctly inferring the values of erroneous bits. The proposed solution\u2019s effectiveness over selectively encrypted and error-prone video has been validated through a range of Video Quality Assessment (VQA) metrics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24060755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T23:04:31Z","timestamp":1653606271000},"page":"755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["VQProtect: Lightweight Visual Quality Protection for Error-Prone Selectively Encrypted Video Streaming"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9726-4584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syeda Maria","family":"Gillani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7460-266X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamoona Naveed","family":"Asghar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"},{"name":"School of Computer Science, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Co., H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0872-6474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amna","family":"Shifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Security, Faculty of Computing, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1494-1381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saima","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9732-3126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Kanwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Mathematics, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5GB, UK"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7039-9879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Fleury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of Suffolk, Ipswich IP4 1QJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2019.2901400","article-title":"An edge-to-cloud virtualized multimedia service platform for 5G networks","volume":"65","author":"Alvarez","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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