{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T12:36:11Z","timestamp":1779194171364,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science Project","award":["19YJAZH047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19YJAZH047"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science Project","award":["17ZB0433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17ZB0433"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Provincial Education Department","award":["19YJAZH047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19YJAZH047"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Provincial Education Department","award":["17ZB0433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17ZB0433"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Image steganography, which usually hides a small image (hidden image or secret image) in a large image (carrier) so that the crackers cannot feel the existence of the hidden image in the carrier, has become a hot topic in the community of image security. Recent deep-learning techniques have promoted image steganography to a new stage. To improve the performance of steganography, this paper proposes a novel scheme that uses the Transformer for feature extraction in steganography. In addition, an image encryption algorithm using recursive permutation is proposed to further enhance the security of secret images. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. We reveal that the Transformer is superior to the compared state-of-the-art deep-learning models in feature extraction for steganography. In addition, the proposed image encryption algorithm has good attributes for image security, which further enhances the performance of the proposed scheme of steganography.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24070878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T09:00:13Z","timestamp":1656234013000},"page":"878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Deep Image Steganography Using Transformer and Recursive Permutation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zhiyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economic Information Engineering, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingcheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economic Information Engineering, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boji","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economic Information Engineering, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1546-8015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taiyong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economic Information Engineering, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-019-01500-1","article-title":"Digital watermarking techniques for image security: A review","volume":"11","author":"Mohanarathinam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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