{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:41:45Z","timestamp":1773384105096,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFC1907002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1907002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51776064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51776064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFC1907002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1907002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51776064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51776064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A multi-objective optimization based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is carried out in the present work for the basic organic Rankine cycle (BORC) and regenerative ORC (RORC) systems. The selection of working fluids is integrated into multi-objective optimization by parameterizing the pure working fluids into a two-dimensional array. Two sets of decision indicators, exergy efficiency vs. thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency vs. levelized energy cost (LEC), are adopted and examined. Five decision variables including the turbine inlet temperature, vapor superheat degree, the evaporator and condenser pinch temperature differences, and the mass fraction of the mixture are optimized. It is found that the turbine inlet temperature is the most effective factor for both the BORC and RORC systems. Compared to the reverse variation of exergy efficiency and thermal efficiency, only a weak conflict exists between the exergy efficiency and LEC which tends to make the binary objective optimization be a single objective optimization. The RORC provides higher thermal efficiency than BORC at the same exergy efficiency while the LEC of RORC also becomes higher because the bare module cost of buying one more heat exchange is higher than the cost reduction due to the reduced heat transfer area. Under the heat source temperature of 423.15 K, the final obtained exergy and thermal efficiencies are 45.6% and 16.6% for BORC, and 38.6% and 20.7% for RORC, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24070902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T20:47:56Z","timestamp":1656535676000},"page":"902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Multi-Objective Optimization of the Basic and Regenerative ORC Integrated with Working Fluid Selection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Jiongming","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huadian Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310030, China"}]},{"given":"Guotong","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer for Low-Grade Energy Utilization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-5442(96)00165-X","article-title":"A review of organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) for the recovery of low-grade waste heat","volume":"22","author":"Tung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.12.023","article-title":"Review of organic Rankine cycle for small-scale applications","volume":"134","author":"Rahbar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Convers. 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