{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:29:11Z","timestamp":1767832151729,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52171317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52171317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51779262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51779262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CX2021044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX2021044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovative Fund of Wuhan Institute of Technology","award":["52171317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52171317"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovative Fund of Wuhan Institute of Technology","award":["51779262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51779262"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovative Fund of Wuhan Institute of Technology","award":["CX2021044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX2021044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Considering that the specific heat of the working fluid varies linearly with its temperature, this paper applies finite time thermodynamic theory and NSGA-II to conduct thermodynamic analysis and multi-objective optimization for irreversible porous medium cycle. The effects of working fluid\u2019s variable-specific heat characteristics, heat transfer, friction and internal irreversibility losses on cycle power density and ecological function characteristics are analyzed. The relationship between power density and ecological function versus compression ratio or thermal efficiency are obtained. When operating in the circumstances of maximum power density, the thermal efficiency of the porous medium cycle engine is higher and its size is less than when operating in the circumstances of maximum power output, and it is also more efficient when operating in the circumstances of maximum ecological function. The four objectives of dimensionless power density, dimensionless power output, thermal efficiency and dimensionless ecological function are optimized simultaneously, and the Pareto front with a set of solutions is obtained. The best results are obtained in two-objective optimization, targeting power output and thermal efficiency, which indicates that the optimal results of the multi-objective are better than that of one-objective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24081074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T20:52:01Z","timestamp":1659559921000},"page":"1074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Four-Objective Optimization for an Irreversible Porous Medium Cycle with Linear Variation in Working Fluid\u2019s Specific Heat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Pengchao","family":"Zang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Chemical Equipment, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9012-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Chemical Equipment, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanlin","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Chemical Equipment, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuangshuang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Chemical Equipment, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huijun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Chemical Equipment, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Andresen, B. (1983). Finite-Time Thermodynamics, University of Copenhagen."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1063\/1.362674","article-title":"Entropy generation minimization: The new thermodynamics of finite-size devices and finite-time processes","volume":"79","author":"Bejan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201001411","article-title":"Current trends in finite-time thermodynamics","volume":"50","author":"Andresen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaushik, S.C., Tyagi, S.K., and Kumar, P. (2017). Finite Time Thermodynamics of Power and Refrigeration Cycles, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62812-7"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feidt, M., and Costea, M. (2019). Progress in Carnot and Chambadal modeling of thermomechnical engine by considering entropy and heat transfer entropy. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21121232"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry, R.S., Salamon, P., and Andresen, B. (2020). How it all began. Entropy, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/e22080908"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasunaga, T., Fontaine, K., and Ikegami, Y. (2021). Performance evaluation concept for ocean thermal energy conversion toward standardization and intelligent design. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14082336"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costea, M., Petrescu, S., Feidt, M., Dobre, C., and Borcila, B. (2021). Optimization modeling of irreversible Carnot engine from the perspective of combining finite speed and finite time analysis. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23050504"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Cao, H., Yang, H., and Guo, J. (2021). Comparative assessment of various low-dissipation combined models for three-terminal heat pump systems. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23050513"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chattopadhyay, P., Mitra, A., Paul, G., and Zarikas, V. (2021). Bound on efficiency of heat engine from uncertainty relation viewpoint. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23040439"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Sieniutycz, S. (2021). Complexity and Complex Chemo-Electric Systems, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.3390\/e13061137","article-title":"Maximum profit configurations of commercial engines","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1515\/jnet-2019-0078","article-title":"Evaluation of irreversibility and optimal organization of an integrated multi-stream heat exchange system","volume":"45","author":"Boykov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masser, R., and Hoffmann, K.H. (2021). Optimal control for a hydraulic recuperation system using endoreversible thermodynamics. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11115001"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, R., and Hoffmann, K.H. (2021). Cyclic control optimization algorithm for Stirling engines. Symmetry, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13050873"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1515\/jnet-2021-0039","article-title":"Maximum work rate extractable from energy fluxes","volume":"47","author":"Badescu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1515\/jnet-2021-0073","article-title":"Optimizing the piston paths of Stirling cycle cryocoolers","volume":"47","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-021-1935-4","article-title":"Total entropy generation rate minimization configuration of a membrane reactor of methanol synthesis via carbon dioxide hydrogenation","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, R., Khodja, A., Fischer, A., Masser, R., and Hoffmann, K.H. (2022). Power-optimal control of a Stirling engine\u2019s frictional piston motion. Entropy, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/e24030362"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer, A., Khodja, A., Paul, R., and Hoffmann, K.H. (2022). Heat-only-driven Vuilleumier refrigeration. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12041775"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"587","article-title":"Optimal configuration of finite source heat engine cycle for maximum output work with complex heat transfer law","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1515\/jnet-2020-0039","article-title":"Endoreversible Otto engines at maximal power","volume":"45","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1515\/jnet-2019-0102","article-title":"Optimal performance regions of Feynman\u2019s ratchet engine with different optimization criteria","volume":"45","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Non-Equilibrium Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1515\/jnet-2019-0088","article-title":"Energetic optimization considering a generalization of the ecological criterion in traditional simple-cycle and combined cycle power plants","volume":"45","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Non-Equilibrium Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, C.Q., Chen, L.G., Feng, H.J., and Ge, Y.L. (2021). Four-objective optimization for an improved irreversible closed modified simple Brayton cycle. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23030282"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2021.11.221","article-title":"A new comparative study on performance of engine cycles under maximum thermal efficiency condition","volume":"7","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1515\/jnet-2020-0028","article-title":"Exergy-based ecological optimization of an irreversible quantum Carnot heat pump with spin-1\/2 systems","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Non-Equilibrium Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-020-1749-9","article-title":"Performance optimization of thermionic refrigerators based on van der Waals heterostructures","volume":"64","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1515\/jnet-2020-0103","article-title":"Self-driven reverse thermal engines under monotonous and oscillatory optimal operation","volume":"46","author":"Badescu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1515\/jnet-2020-0084","article-title":"Modelling of irreversible two-stage combined thermal Brownian refrigerators and their optimal performance","volume":"46","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1515\/jnet-2021-0030","article-title":"The role of internal irreversibilities in the performance and stability of power plant models working at maximum \u03f5-ecological function","volume":"46","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-020-1828-5","article-title":"Performance optimization of three-terminal energy selective electron generators","volume":"64","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, Y.L., Chen, L.G., and Sun, F.R. (2016). Progress in finite time thermodynamic studies for internal combustion engine cycles. Entropy, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/e18040139"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2906270","article-title":"An explanation for observed compression ratios in internal combustion engines","volume":"113","author":"Klein","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1088\/0143-0807\/15\/1\/007","article-title":"Compression ratio of an optimized Otto-cycle model","volume":"15","author":"Fernandez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/29\/1\/014","article-title":"A non-endoreversible Otto cycle model: Improving power output and efficiency","volume":"29","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-5442(96)00057-6","article-title":"Heat transfer effects on the network output and power as function of efficiency for air standard Diesel cycle","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1179\/174602206X90931","article-title":"A new performance criterion for heat engines: Efficient power","volume":"79","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Energy Inst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(96)00180-X","article-title":"Ecological optimization of an endoreversible Brayton cycle","volume":"39","author":"Cheng","year":"1998","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(96)00195-1","article-title":"Efficiency of an Atkinson engine at maximum power density","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2005.09.007","article-title":"Performance analysis and parametric optimum criteria of an irreversible Atkinson heat-engine","volume":"83","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/ijlct\/cts055","article-title":"Performance analysis of an Atkinson cycle with variable specific-heats of the working fluid under maximum efficient power conditions","volume":"8","author":"Patodi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Low-Carbon Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.133.201","article-title":"Effect of volume ratio of heat rejection process on performance of an Atkinson cycle","volume":"133","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Pol. A"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2008.03.042","article-title":"Performance analysis and parametric optimum criteria of a quantum Otto heat engine with heat transfer effects","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L.G., Ge, Y.L., Liu, C., Feng, H.J., and Lorenzini, G. (2020). Performance of universal reciprocating heat-engine cycle with variable specific heats ratio of working fluid. Entropy, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/e22040397"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diskin, D., and Tartakovsky, L. (2020). Efficiency at maximum power of the low-dissipation hybrid electrochemical\u2013otto cycle. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13153961"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R.B., Chen, L.G., Ge, Y.L., and Feng, H.J. (2021). Optimizing power and thermal efficiency of an irreversible variable-temperature heat reservoir Lenoir cycle. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11157171"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellos, E., Lykas, P., and Tzivanidis, C. (2022). Investigation of a Solar-Driven Organic Rankine Cycle with Reheating. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12052322"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5811","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-019-03747-4","article-title":"Performance Analysis and Simulation of a Diesel-Miller Cycle (DiMC) Engine","volume":"44","author":"Gonca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5897","DOI":"10.1002\/er.4696","article-title":"Performance analysis of a novel eco-friendly internal combustion engine cycle","volume":"43","author":"Gonca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1504\/IJEX.2022.120893","article-title":"Investigation of maximum performance characteristics of seven-process cycle engine","volume":"37","author":"Gonca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Exergy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7465","DOI":"10.1063\/1.347562","article-title":"An ecological optimization criterion for finite-time heat engines","volume":"69","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1063\/1.354041","article-title":"Comment on \u201cEcological optimization criterion for finite-time heat engines\u201d","volume":"73","author":"Yan","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"374","article-title":"Ecological quality factors of thermodynamic cycles","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Therm. Power Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2019.02.081","article-title":"Thermoecology-based performance simulation of a Gas-Mercury-Steam power generation system (GMSPGS)","volume":"189","author":"Gonca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Q., Xia, S., and Xie, T. (2022). Ecological function analysis and optimization of a recompression S-CO2 Cycle for gas turbine waste heat recovery. Entropy, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/e24050732"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-021-01162-z","article-title":"Ecological optimization of an irreversible Diesel cycle","volume":"136","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Plus."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"267","article-title":"Thermodynamic assessment and optimization of performance of irreversible Atkinson cycle","volume":"39","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2004.08.005","article-title":"Performance analysis and optimization of an irreversible dual-cycle based on an ecological coefficient of performance criterion","volume":"82","author":"Ust","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/28\/7\/005","article-title":"Efficiency of a Joule-Brayton engine at maximum power density","volume":"28","author":"Sahin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1933(02)00444-X","article-title":"Efficiency of Miller engine at maximum power density","volume":"29","author":"Akash","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1504\/IJEX.2019.104099","article-title":"Performance simulation of a double-reheat Rankine cycle mercury turbine system based on exergy","volume":"30","author":"Gonca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Exergy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.2298\/TSCI190710180G","article-title":"Exergy-based performance analysis and evaluation of a dual-diesel cycle engine","volume":"25","author":"Gonca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thermal Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1002\/er.7320","article-title":"Performance investigation and evaluation of an engine operating on a modified dual cycle","volume":"46","author":"Gonca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"71","article-title":"Efficiency of Atkinson engine at maximum power density using temperature dependent specific heats","volume":"2","author":"Akash","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jordan J. Mech. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.132.1306","article-title":"Performance analysis of an Atkinson cycle engine under effective power and effective power density conditions","volume":"132","author":"Gonca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Pol. A."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1515\/jnet-2019-0020","article-title":"Performance analysis of Diesel cycle under efficient power density condition with variable specific heat of working fluid","volume":"44","author":"Raman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2014.07.027","article-title":"Thermo-economic multi-objective optimization for a solar-dish Brayton system using NSGA-II and decision making","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L.G., Tang, C.Q., Feng, H.J., and Ge, Y.L. (2020). Power, efficiency, power density and ecological function optimizations for an irreversible modified closed variable-temperature reservoir regenerative Brayton cycle with one isothermal heating process. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13195133"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fergani, Z., Morosuk, T., and Touil, D. (2021). Exergy-based multi-objective optimization of an organic Rankine cycle with a zeotropic mixture. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23080954"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teng, S., Feng, Y.-Q., Hung, T.-C., and Xi, H. (2021). Multi-objective optimization and fluid selection of different cogeneration of heat and power systems based on organic Rankine cycle. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14164967"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baghernejad, A., and Anvari-Moghaddam, A. (2021). Exergoeconomic and environmental analysis and Multi-objective optimization of a new regenerative gas turbine combined cycle. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112311554"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, T., Xia, S., and Wang, C. (2022). Multi-objective optimization of Braun-type exothermic reactor for ammonia synthesis. Entropy, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/e24010052"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, S.S., Chen, L.G., Ge, Y.L., and Feng, H.J. (2021). Performance optimizations with single-, bi-, tri- and quadru-objective for irreversible Diesel cycle. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23070826"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1515\/jnet-2021-0083","article-title":"Power density analysis and multi-objective optimization for an irreversible Dual cycle","volume":"47","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.07.002","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization of endoreversible magnetohydrodynamic cycle","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-021-2003-0","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization of membrane reactor for steam methane reforming heated by molten salt","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. China Techol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.996017","article-title":"A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II","volume":"6","author":"Deb","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrenberg, A.J. (1990). The Single cylinder regenerated internal combustion engine. Earthmoving Ind. Conf. Expo., 1\u201317. SAE Technical Paper.","DOI":"10.4271\/900911"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"189","article-title":"A new concept internal combustion engine-super adiabatic engine based on porous media combustion technology","volume":"2","author":"Xie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Re Kexue yu Jishu"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Weclas, M. (2009). Strategy for Intelligent Internal Combustion Engine with Homogenous Combustion in Cylinder, Georg-Simon-Ohm University of Applied Sciences."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"63","article-title":"A new type of internal combustion engine based on the porous-medium combustion technique","volume":"215","author":"Durst","year":"2001","journal-title":"SAGE J."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"553","article-title":"Thermodynamic analysis of ideal cycle of porous media (PM)","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Eng. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"7","article-title":"Multidimensional numerical study of combustion process of Porous Media engine","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intern. Combust. Eng."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2008.09.023","article-title":"Thermodynamic analysis of the heat regenerative cycle in porous medium engine","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"49","article-title":"Thermodynamic modeling and parametric study for porous medium engine cycles","volume":"13","author":"Ge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Termotehnica"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2022.102154","article-title":"Power density characteristic analysis and multi-objective optimization of an irreversible porous medium engine cycle","volume":"35","author":"Zang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of external irreversibilities and variable thermal properties of working fluid on thermal performance of a Dual internal combustion engine cycle","volume":"58","author":"Ghatak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Strojn\u2019Icky Casopis"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"843","article-title":"Performance investigation of a Diesel engine under effective efficiency-power-power density conditions","volume":"26","author":"Gonca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Iran."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2011.11.048","article-title":"Efficiency enhancement of a gas turbine cycle using an optimized tubular recuperative heat exchanger","volume":"38","author":"Sayyaadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, C.L., and Yoon, K. (1981). Multiple Attribute Decision Making-Methods and Applications a State of the Art Survey, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-48318-9"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2013.05.041","article-title":"A hybrid method of modified NSGA-II and Topsis to optimize performance and emissions of a diesel engine using biodiesel","volume":"59","author":"Etghani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcm.2005.09.012","article-title":"Application of shannon\u2019s entropy to classify emergent behaviors in a simulation of laser dynamics","volume":"42","author":"Guisado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Modell."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2015.06.007","article-title":"Multi-objective thermodynamic optimization of an irreversible regenerative Brayton cycle using evolutionary algorithm and decision making","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng. J."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/24\/8\/1074\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:03:32Z","timestamp":1760141012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/24\/8\/1074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["e24081074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e24081074","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]}}}