{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T18:23:44Z","timestamp":1771698224236,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61901513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019JQ-709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JQ-709"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","award":["61901513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901513"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","award":["2019JQ-709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JQ-709"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parameter estimation accuracy and average sample number (ASN) reduction are important to improving target detection performance in sequential hypothesis tests. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar can balance between parameter estimation accuracy and ASN reduction through waveform diversity. In this study, we propose a waveform design method based on a two-stage information criterion to improve multi-target detection performance. In the first stage, the waveform is designed to estimate the target parameters based on the criterion of single-hypothesis mutual information (MI) maximization under the constraint of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In the second stage, the objective function is designed based on the criterion of MI minimization and Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence (KLD) maximization between multi-hypothesis posterior probabilities, and the waveform is chosen from the waveform library of the first-stage parameter estimation. Furthermore, an adaptive waveform design algorithm framework for multi-target detection is proposed. The simulation results reveal that the waveform design based on the two-stage information criterion can rapidly detect the target direction. In addition, the waveform design based on the criterion of dual-hypothesis MI minimization can improve the parameter estimation performance, whereas the design based on the criterion of dual-hypothesis KLD maximization can improve the target detection performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24081075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T20:52:01Z","timestamp":1659559921000},"page":"1075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Waveform Design for Multi-Target Detection Based on Two-Stage Information Criterion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beun, S.L. 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