{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:51:27Z","timestamp":1772329887965,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62103301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62103301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TJTZJH- QNBJRC-2-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TJTZJH- QNBJRC-2-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tianjin Municipal Special Program of Talents Development for Excellent Youth Scholars","award":["62103301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62103301"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Municipal Special Program of Talents Development for Excellent Youth Scholars","award":["TJTZJH- QNBJRC-2-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TJTZJH- QNBJRC-2-21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fatigue driving is one of the major factors that leads to traffic accidents. Long-term monotonous driving can easily cause a decrease in the driver\u2019s attention and vigilance, manifesting a fatigue effect. This paper proposes a means of revealing the effects of driving fatigue on the brain\u2019s information processing abilities, from the aspect of a directed brain network based on electroencephalogram (EEG) source signals. Based on current source density (CSD) data derived from EEG signals using source analysis, a directed brain network for fatigue driving was constructed by using a directed transfer function. As driving time increased, the average clustering coefficient as well as the average path length gradually increased; meanwhile, global efficiency gradually decreased for most rhythms, suggesting that deep driving fatigue enhances the brain\u2019s local information integration abilities while weakening its global abilities. Furthermore, causal flow analysis showed electrodes with significant differences between the awake state and the driving fatigue state, which were mainly distributed in several areas of the anterior and posterior regions, especially under the theta rhythm. It was also found that the ability of the anterior regions to receive information from the posterior regions became significantly worse in the driving fatigue state. These findings may provide a theoretical basis for revealing the underlying neural mechanisms of driving fatigue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24081093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T02:42:53Z","timestamp":1660099373000},"page":"1093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Directed Brain Network Analysis for Fatigue Driving Based on EEG Source Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9912-4780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingmei","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Information Sensing & Intelligent Control, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Information Sensing & Intelligent Control, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Information Sensing & Intelligent Control, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Information Sensing & Intelligent Control, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Information Sensing & Intelligent Control, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5988-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanqiu","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Information Sensing & Intelligent Control, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0647-1834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunxiao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Information Sensing & Intelligent Control, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(97)00032-8","article-title":"Prospects for technological countermeasures against driver fatigue","volume":"29","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"Accid. 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