{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:37:01Z","timestamp":1774485421630,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang","award":["GK209907299001-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GK209907299001-005"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang","award":["81671038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81671038"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["GK209907299001-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GK209907299001-005"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81671038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81671038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Music has become a common adjunctive treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) in recent years. Because Alzheimer\u2019s disease can be classified into different degrees of dementia according to its severity (mild, moderate, severe), this study is to investigate whether there are differences in brain response to music stimulation in AD patients with different degrees of dementia. Seventeen patients with mild-to-moderate dementia, sixteen patients with severe dementia, and sixteen healthy elderly participants were selected as experimental subjects. The nonlinear characteristics of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were extracted from 64-channel EEG signals acquired before, during, and after music stimulation. The results showed the following. (1) At the temporal level, both at the whole brain area and sub-brain area levels, the EEG responses of the mild-to-moderate patients showed statistical differences from those of the severe patients (p &lt; 0.05). The nonlinear characteristics during music stimulus, including permutation entropy (PmEn), sample entropy (SampEn), and Lempel\u2013Ziv complexity (LZC), were significantly higher in both mild-to-moderate patients and healthy controls compared to pre-stimulation, while it was significantly lower in severe patients. (2) At the spatial level, the EEG responses of the mild-to-moderate patients and the severe patients showed statistical differences (p &lt; 0.05), showing that as the degree of dementia progressed, fewer pairs of EEG characteristic showed significant differences among brain regions under music stimulation. In this paper, we found that AD patients with different degrees of dementia had different EEG responses to music stimulation. Our study provides a possible explanation for this discrepancy in terms of the pathological progression of AD and music cognitive hierarchy theory. Our study has adjunctive implications for clinical music therapy in AD., potentially allowing for more targeted treatment. Meanwhile, the variations in the brains of Alzheimer\u2019s patients in response to music stimulation might be a model for investigating the neural mechanism of music perception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24081137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T21:23:56Z","timestamp":1660771436000},"page":"1137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Entropy in EEGS during Music Stimulation of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients with Different Degrees of Dementia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Tingting","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6005-1104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangfang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4876-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingwei","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"given":"Shanen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"given":"Jiantao","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"given":"Chenhao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.07.150","article-title":"The Worldwide Costs of Dementia 2015 and Comparisons with 2010","volume":"13","author":"Wimo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0096-3","article-title":"Principles and Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia","volume":"7","author":"Nowrangi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. 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