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In fact, hemodynamic response of the brain is known to exhibit critical behaviour at the edge between order and disorder. In this study, we aimed to revisit the spatial distribution of temporal complexity in resting state and task fMRI of 100 unrelated subjects from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). First, we compared two common choices of complexity measures, i.e., Hurst exponent and multiscale entropy, and observed a high spatial similarity between them. Second, we considered four tasks in the HCP dataset (Language, Motor, Social, and Working Memory) and found high task-specific complexity, even when the task design was regressed out. For the significance thresholding of brain complexity maps, we used a statistical framework based on graph signal processing that incorporates the structural connectome to develop the null distributions of fMRI complexity. The results suggest that the frontoparietal, dorsal attention, visual, and default mode networks represent stronger complex behaviour than the rest of the brain, irrespective of the task engagement. In sum, the findings support the hypothesis of fMRI temporal complexity as a marker of cognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24081148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T21:39:21Z","timestamp":1660858761000},"page":"1148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["On the Spatial Distribution of Temporal Complexity in Resting State and Task Functional MRI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4744-8721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Omidvarnia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Machine Learning Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Neuro-X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3985-3898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Li\u00e9geois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5323-5327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Giulia","family":"Preti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Zalesky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2879-3861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitri","family":"Van De Ville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villecco, F., and Pellegrino, A. 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