{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T13:45:21Z","timestamp":1773841521726,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]],"date-time":"2022-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>I review and extend the set of unifying principles that allow comparing all models of opinion dynamics within one single frame. Within the Global Unifying Frame (GUF), any specific update rule chosen to study opinion dynamics for discrete individual choices is recast into a probabilistic update formula. The associated dynamics is deployed using a general probabilistic sequential process, which is iterated via the repeated reshuffling of agents between successive rounds of local updates. The related driving attractors and tipping points are obtained with non-conservative regimes featuring both threshold and threshold-less dynamics. Most stationary states are symmetry broken, but fifty\u2013fifty coexistence may also occur. A practical procedure is exhibited for several versions of Galam and Sznajd models when restricted to the use of three agents for the local updates. Comparing these various models, some are found to be identical within the GUF. Possible discrepancies with numerical simulations are discussed together with the difference between the GUF procedure and a mean field approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24091201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T01:39:19Z","timestamp":1661737159000},"page":"1201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Opinion Dynamics and Unifying Principles: A Global Unifying Frame"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9003-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Galam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEVIPOF\u2014Centre for Political Research, Sciences Po and CNRS, 1, Place Saint Thomas d\u2019Aquin, 75007 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brazil, R. (2020). The physics of public opinion. Phys. World, Available online: https:\/\/physicsworld.com\/a\/the-physics-of-public-opinion\/.","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-7058\/33\/1\/26"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1063\/PT.3.3845","article-title":"Sociophysics","volume":"71","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Today"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galam, S. (2012). Sociophysics: A Physicist\u2019s Modeling of Psycho-Political Phenomena, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2032-3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.81.591","article-title":"Statistical physics of social dynamics","volume":"81","author":"Castellano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakrabarti, B.K., Chakraborti, A., and Chatterjee, A. (2006). Econophysics and Sociophysics: Trends and Perspectives, Wiley-VCH.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527610006"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"61","article-title":"A mathematical model of rumor propagation for disaster management","volume":"10","author":"Rabajante","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nat. Stud."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1142\/S012918310000105X","article-title":"Generalization to square lattice of Sznajd sociophysics model","volume":"11","author":"Stauffer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. C"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1209\/epl\/i2004-10526-5","article-title":"Local dynamics vs. social mechanisms: A unifying frame","volume":"70","author":"Galam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Europhys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.18564\/jasss.3521","article-title":"Models of social influence: Towards the next frontiers","volume":"20","author":"Flache","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09468-3","article-title":"A general framework to link theory and empirics in opinion formation models","volume":"12","author":"Kozitsin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17348-z","article-title":"A framework to analyze opinion formation models","volume":"12","author":"Devia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2496(86)90019-2","article-title":"Majority rule, hierarchical structures, and democratic totalitarianism: A statistical approach","volume":"30","author":"Galam","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s100510050410","article-title":"Competing species dynamics: Qualitative advantage versus geography","volume":"4","author":"Galam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. B"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e20020045","article-title":"Minority Opinion Spreading in Random Geometry","volume":"B 25","author":"Galam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2003.10.041","article-title":"Contrarian Deterministic Effects on Opinion Dynamics: The Hung Elections Scenario","volume":"333","author":"Galam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physica A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046106","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.68.046106","article-title":"Majority versus minority dynamics: Phase transition in an interacting two-state spin system","volume":"68","author":"Mobilia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129183100000936","article-title":"Opinion evolution in closed community","volume":"11","author":"Sznajd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. C"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18006","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/82\/18006","article-title":"Some new results on one-dimensional outflow dynamics","volume":"82","author":"Slanina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Europhys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liggett, T.M. (1999). Stochastic Interacting Systems: Contact, Voter, and Exclusion Processes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03990-8"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129183103005467","article-title":"Nonlinear voter models: The transition from invasion to coexistence","volume":"14","author":"Behera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. C"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18007","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/82\/18007","article-title":"Dynamics of non-conservative voters","volume":"82","author":"Lambiotte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016113","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.83.016113","article-title":"Irrelevance of information outflow in opinion dynamics models","volume":"83","author":"Castellano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/95\/48005","article-title":"Pitfalls driven by the sole use of local updates in dynamical systems","volume":"95","author":"Galam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Europhys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012807","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.92.012807","article-title":"Analytical expression for the exit probability of the q-voter model in one dimension","volume":"92","author":"Timpanaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012108","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.91.012108","article-title":"Two-dimensional Ising transition through a technique from two-state opinion-dynamics models","volume":"91","author":"Galam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129183105008102","article-title":"Reshuffling spins with short range interactions: When sociophysics produces physical results","volume":"16","author":"Sousa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inter. J. Mod. Phys. C"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1632125","article-title":"How to Convince Others? Monte Carlo Simulations of the Sznajd Model","volume":"Volume 690","author":"Stauffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/24\/9\/1201\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:16:34Z","timestamp":1760141794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/24\/9\/1201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["e24091201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e24091201","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]}}}