{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:22:47Z","timestamp":1772252567590,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020L3014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020L3014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020D002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020D002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJ202001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ202001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special Funds for the Central Government to Guide Local Scientific and Technological Development","award":["41971340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971340"]}]},{"name":"Special Funds for the Central Government to Guide Local Scientific and Technological Development","award":["2020L3014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020L3014"]}]},{"name":"Special Funds for the Central Government to Guide Local Scientific and Technological Development","award":["2020D002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020D002"]}]},{"name":"Special Funds for the Central Government to Guide Local Scientific and Technological Development","award":["KJ202001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ202001"]}]},{"name":"2020 Fujian Province \u201cthe Belt and Road\u201d Technology Innovation Platform","award":["41971340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971340"]}]},{"name":"2020 Fujian Province \u201cthe Belt and Road\u201d Technology Innovation Platform","award":["2020L3014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020L3014"]}]},{"name":"2020 Fujian Province \u201cthe Belt and Road\u201d Technology Innovation Platform","award":["2020D002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020D002"]}]},{"name":"2020 Fujian Province \u201cthe Belt and Road\u201d Technology Innovation Platform","award":["KJ202001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ202001"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Expressway Science and Technology Project","award":["41971340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971340"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Expressway Science and Technology Project","award":["2020L3014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020L3014"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Expressway Science and Technology Project","award":["2020D002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020D002"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Expressway Science and Technology Project","award":["KJ202001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ202001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To scientifically and effectively evaluate the service capacity of expressway service areas (ESAs) and improve the management level of ESAs, we propose a method for the recognition of vehicles entering ESAs (VeESAs) and estimation of vehicle dwell times using electronic toll collection (ETC) data. First, the ETC data and their advantages are described in detail, and then the cleaning rules are designed according to the characteristics of the ETC data. Second, we established feature engineering according to the characteristics of VeESA and proposed the XGBoost-based VeESA recognition (VR-XGBoost) model. Studied the driving rules in depth, we constructed a kinematics-based vehicle dwell time estimation (K-VDTE) model. The field validation in Part A\/B of Yangli ESA using real ETC transaction data demonstrates that the effectiveness of our proposal outperforms the current state-of-the-art. Specifically, in Part A and Part B, the recognition accuracies of VR-XGBoost are 95.9% and 97.4%, respectively, the mean absolute errors (MAEs) of dwell time are 52 and 14 s, respectively, and the root mean square errors (RMSEs) are 69 and 22 s, respectively. In addition, the confidence level of controlling the MAE of dwell time within 2 min is more than 97%. This work can effectively recognize the VeESA and accurately estimate the dwell time, which can provide a reference idea and theoretical basis for the service capacity evaluation and layout optimization of the ESA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24091208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T21:01:31Z","timestamp":1661806891000},"page":"1208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Recognition of Vehicles Entering Expressway Service Areas and Estimation of Dwell Time Using ETC Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2673-6633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiqin","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory for Automotive Electronics and Electric Drive, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"},{"name":"Digital Fujian Traffic Big Data Research Institute, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dingrong","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumin","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory for Automotive Electronics and Electric Drive, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"},{"name":"Digital Fujian Traffic Big Data Research Institute, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Fujian Traffic Big Data Research Institute, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Fujian Traffic Big Data Research Institute, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Transport of the Peoples\u2019s Republic of China (2021). 2021 Statistical Bulletin on the Development of the Transportation Industry."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Draft of freight transport car parks facilities","volume":"85","author":"Hernandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. 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