{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T02:49:10Z","timestamp":1777344550958,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021GXNSFAA220011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GXNSFAA220011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IPOC2021A02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPOC2021A02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science Foundation","award":["62171144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171144"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science Foundation","award":["2021GXNSFAA220011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GXNSFAA220011"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science Foundation","award":["IPOC2021A02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPOC2021A02"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of IPOC (BUPT)","award":["62171144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171144"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of IPOC (BUPT)","award":["2021GXNSFAA220011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GXNSFAA220011"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of IPOC (BUPT)","award":["IPOC2021A02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPOC2021A02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantum key distribution (QKD), guaranteed by the principles of quantum mechanics, is one of the most promising solutions for the future of secure communication. Integrated quantum photonics provides a stable, compact, and robust platform for the implementation of complex photonic circuits amenable to mass manufacture, and also allows for the generation, detection, and processing of quantum states of light at a growing system\u2019s scale, functionality, and complexity. Integrated quantum photonics provides a compelling technology for the integration of QKD systems. In this review, we summarize the advances in integrated QKD systems, including integrated photon sources, detectors, and encoding and decoding components for QKD implements. Complete demonstrations of various QKD schemes based on integrated photonic chips are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24101334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T21:10:05Z","timestamp":1663881005000},"page":"1334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Advances in Chip-Based Quantum Key Distribution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Qiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinming","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3634-4353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minming","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1125-6637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenrong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kejin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, July 28). Cyber-Attack Events. Available online: https:\/\/baijiahao.baidu.com\/s?id=1721894808280657573&wfr=spider&for=pc."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, July 28). Cyber-Attacks to Iranian Gas Station. Available online: https:\/\/baijiahao.baidu.com\/s?id=1714920135423559999&wfr=spider&for=pc."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, July 28). Attack to Florida Drinking Water Treatment Facilities. Available online: https:\/\/www.163.com\/dy\/article\/H6EJJK8C05529LO2.html."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1666-5","article-title":"Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor","volume":"574","author":"Arute","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe8770","article-title":"Quantum computational advantage using photons","volume":"370","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.127.180501","article-title":"Strong Quantum Computational Advantage Using a Superconducting Quantum Processor","volume":"127","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.127.180502","article-title":"Phase-Programmable Gaussian Boson Sampling Using Stimulated Squeezed Light","volume":"127","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabi7894","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi7894","article-title":"Quantum computational advantage via high-dimensional Gaussian boson sampling","volume":"8","author":"Deshpande","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernstein, D.J. (2009). Introduction to post-quantum cryptography. Post-Quantum Cryptography, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-88702-7"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.65.032302","article-title":"Theoretically efficient high-capacity quantum-key-distribution scheme","volume":"65","author":"Long","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052319","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.69.052319","article-title":"Secure direct communication with a quantum one-time pad","volume":"69","author":"Deng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11433-021-1775-4","article-title":"Practical decoy-state quantum secure direct communication","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e86","article-title":"Deterministic secure quantum communication with practical devices","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quant. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2021.11.002","article-title":"One-step quantum secure direct communication","volume":"67","author":"Sheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-019-0132-3","article-title":"Implementation and security analysis of practical quantum secure direct communication","volume":"8","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.388790","article-title":"Experimental free-space quantum secure direct communication and its security analysis","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photon. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00769-w","article-title":"Realization of quantum secure direct communication over 100 km fiber with time-bin and phase quantum states","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e73","article-title":"Transmission of photonic polarization states from geosynchronous Earth orbit satellite to the ground","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quant. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Bennett, C.H., and Brassard, G. (1984, January 9\u201311). An update on quantum cryptography. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5410.2050","article-title":"Unconditional Security of Quantum Key Distribution over Arbitrarily Long Distances","volume":"283","author":"Lo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.68.3121","article-title":"Quantum cryptography using any two nonorthogonal states","volume":"68","author":"Bennett","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"037902","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.89.037902","article-title":"Differential phase shift quantum key distribution","volume":"89","author":"Inoue","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194108","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2126792","article-title":"Fast and simple one-way quantum key distribution","volume":"87","author":"Stucki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.67.661","article-title":"Quantum cryptography based on Bell\u2019s theorem","volume":"67","author":"Ekert","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.81.1301","article-title":"The security of practical quantum key distribution","volume":"81","author":"Scarani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062324","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.92.062324","article-title":"Quantum key distribution using qudits that each encode one bit of raw key","volume":"92","author":"Chau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.3313","article-title":"Quantum cryptography with 3-state systems","volume":"85","author":"Peres","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062308","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.61.062308","article-title":"Quantum cryptography using larger alphabets","volume":"61","author":"Tittel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127902","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.127902","article-title":"Security of quantum key distribution using d-level systems","volume":"88","author":"Cerf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2005.844076","article-title":"Unconditionally Secure Key Distribution in Higher Dimensions by Depolarization","volume":"51","author":"Chau","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13303","article-title":"Practical quantum key distribution protocol without monitoring signal disturbance","volume":"509","author":"Sasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052304","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.61.052304","article-title":"Security against individual attacks for realistic quantum key distribution","volume":"61","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1140\/epjd\/e2007-00010-4","article-title":"Unconditional security of practical quantum key distribution","volume":"41","author":"Inamori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. D"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"325","article-title":"Security of quantum key distribution with imperfect devices","volume":"4","author":"Gottesman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Comput."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"057901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.91.057901","article-title":"Quantum key distribution with high loss: Toward global secure communication","volume":"91","author":"Hwang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230504","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.230504","article-title":"Decoy state quantum key distribution","volume":"94","author":"Lo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.230503","article-title":"Beating the photon-number-splitting attack in practical quantum cryptography","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"057901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.92.057901","article-title":"Quantum cryptography protocols robust against photon number splitting attacks for weak laser pulse implementations","volume":"92","author":"Scarani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.130503","article-title":"Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution","volume":"108","author":"Lo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.130502","article-title":"Side-channel-free quantum key distribution","volume":"108","author":"Braunstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Mayers, D., and Yao, A. (1998, January 8\u201311). Quantum cryptography with imperfect apparatus. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (Cat. No. 98CB36280), Palo Alto, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.95.010503","article-title":"No signaling and quantum key distribution","volume":"95","author":"Barrett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.98.230501","article-title":"Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks","volume":"98","author":"Acin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025002","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.92.025002","article-title":"Secure quantum key distribution with realistic devices","volume":"92","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.361502","article-title":"Advances in quantum cryptography","volume":"12","author":"Pirandola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-021-00928-2","article-title":"Twin-field quantum key distribution over 830-km fibre","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23655","article-title":"Satellite-to-ground quantum key distribution","volume":"549","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.120.030501","article-title":"Satellite-Relayed Intercontinental Quantum Network","volume":"120","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2401-y","article-title":"Entanglement-based secure quantum cryptography over 1120 kilometres","volume":"582","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-019-0221-4","article-title":"Cambridge quantum network","volume":"5","author":"Dynes","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Quantum Inf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03093-8","article-title":"An integrated space-to-ground quantum communication network over 4,600 kilometres","volume":"589","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0532-1","article-title":"Integrated photonic quantum technologies","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6633\/aad5b2","article-title":"Photonic quantum information processing: A review","volume":"82","author":"Flamini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2016.2573218","article-title":"Silicon Quantum Photonics","volume":"22","author":"Silverstone","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Nambu, Y., Hatanaka, T., and Nakamura, K. (2003). Planar lightwave circuits for quantum cryptographic systems. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1217","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.43.L1217","article-title":"Single-photon Interference over 150 km Transmission Using Silica-based Integrated-optic Interferometers for Quantum Cryptography","volume":"43","author":"Kimura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshino, K., Tanaka, A., Nambu, Y., Tajima, A., and Tomita, A. (2007, January 16\u201320). Dual-mode Time-bin Coding for Quantum Key Distribution Using Dual-drive Mach-Zehnder Modulator. Proceedings of the 33rd European Conference and Exhibition of Optical Communication, Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1049\/ic:20070342"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1080\/09500340801942414","article-title":"Quantum encoder and decoder for practical quantum key distribution using a planar lightwave circuit","volume":"55","author":"Nambu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mod. Opt."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, A., Fujiwara, M., Nam, S.W., Nambu, Y., Takahashi, S., Maeda, W., Yoshino, K., Miki, S., Baek, B., and Zhen, W. (2008, January 24\u201328). 97-km QKD field trial using PLC-based one-way interferometers, SSPDs and WDM synchronization. Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference\/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/OFC.2008.4528716"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.000223","article-title":"High-speed wavelength-division multiplexing quantum key distribution system","volume":"37","author":"Yoshino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31395","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.031395","article-title":"Maintenance-free operation of WDM quantum key distribution system through a field fiber over 30 days","volume":"21","author":"Yoshino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12282","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.012282","article-title":"Silicon photonic transceiver circuit for high-speed polarization-based discrete variable quantum key distribution","volume":"25","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13965","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.383175","article-title":"State preparation robust to modulation signal degradation by use of a dual parallel modulator for high-speed BB84 quantum key distribution systems","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2019.105837","article-title":"Single-photon interference using silica-based AMZI with phase modulation","volume":"122","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.406123","article-title":"Interference at the single-photon level based on silica photonics robust against channel disturbance","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2022.3170925","article-title":"Practical quantum key distribution module based on planar lightwave circuit","volume":"34","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2006.01.018","article-title":"Quantum key distribution experiment through a PLC matrix switch","volume":"263","author":"Honjo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Yuki, I., Toshimori, H., Kyo, I., Hidehiko, K., Yoshiki, N., Osamu, T., and Masaki, A. (2008, January 4\u20139). Polarization independent DPS-QKD system using up-conversion detectors. Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2008 Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science, San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3276559","article-title":"Performance of hybrid entanglement photon pair source for quantum key distribution","volume":"95","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choe, J.S., Choi, B.S., Ko, H., and Youn, C.J. (2016, January 2\u20135). Silica PLC-based Polarization Beam Splitter for 780 nm Free-Space Quantum Key Distribution Applications. Proceedings of the Asia Communications and Photonics Conference, Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1364\/ACPC.2016.AF2A.45"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2017.2788638","article-title":"Silica Planar Lightwave Circuit Based Integrated 1 \u00d7 4 Polarization Beam Splitter Module for Free-Space BB84 Quantum Key Distribution","volume":"10","author":"Choe","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5982","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.005982","article-title":"Integrated measurement server for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution network","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/s11801-021-0203-6","article-title":"Balanced pulses in two outputs of quantum photonic chip","volume":"17","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optoelectron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"080302","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/abe2ff","article-title":"Realization of simultaneous balanced multi-outputs for multi-protocols QKD decoding based on silica-based planar lightwave circuit","volume":"30","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.432327","article-title":"Polarization-insensitive interferometer based on a hybrid integrated planar light-wave circuit","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2021.107505","article-title":"Silica-silicon based planar lightwave circuit quantum key distribution decoding chip for multi-protocol","volume":"145","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064212","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/ac40fe","article-title":"Quantum key distribution transmitter chip based on hybrid-integration of silica and lithium niobates","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2021-0500","article-title":"Photonic integrated chip enabling orbital angular momentum multiplexing for quantum communication","volume":"11","author":"Zahidy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041301","DOI":"10.3788\/COL202220.041301","article-title":"Silicon photonics integrated dynamic polarization controller","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.44.000275","article-title":"Interference between independent photonic integrated devices for quantum key distribution","volume":"44","author":"Semenenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.454478","article-title":"A 10-kHz intrinsic linewidth coupled extended-cavity DBR laser monolithically integrated on an InP platform","volume":"47","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.44.000271","article-title":"Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between independent III-V on silicon waveguide integrated lasers","volume":"44","author":"Agnesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.001103","article-title":"Time-bin entangled photon pair generation from Si micro-ring resonator","volume":"23","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19581","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.019581","article-title":"Generation of highly stable WDM time-bin entanglement by cascaded sum-frequency generation and spontaneous parametric downconversion in a PPLN waveguide device","volume":"24","author":"Arahira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar7053","article-title":"Multidimensional quantum entanglement with large-scale integrated optics","volume":"360","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7948","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8948","article-title":"Qubit entanglement between ring-resonator photon-pair sources on a silicon chip","volume":"6","author":"Silverstone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.118.100503","article-title":"Experimental Bayesian Quantum Phase Estimation on a Silicon Photonic Chip","volume":"118","author":"Paesani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.454450","article-title":"Integrated room temperature single-photon source for quantum key distribution","volume":"47","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-021-00373-7","article-title":"Detector-integrated on-chip QKD receiver for GHz clock rates","volume":"7","author":"Beutel","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Quantum Inf."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.AP.3.5.055002","article-title":"Heterogeneously integrated, superconducting silicon-photonic platform for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution","volume":"3","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10387","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.010387","article-title":"Field test of quantum key distribution in the Tokyo QKD Network","volume":"19","author":"Sasaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.2012.2187327","article-title":"High-Speed Quantum Key Distribution System for 1-Mbps Real-Time Key Generation","volume":"48","author":"Tanaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.3.001274","article-title":"Silicon photonic transmitter for polarization-encoded quantum key distribution","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.4.000172","article-title":"Integrated silicon photonics for high-speed quantum key distribution","volume":"4","author":"Sibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13984","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13984","article-title":"Chip-based quantum key distribution","volume":"8","author":"Sibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"021009","article-title":"Metropolitan Quantum Key Distribution with Silicon Photonics","volume":"8","author":"Bunandar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29045","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.029045","article-title":"Stable quantum key distribution using a silicon photonic transceiver","volume":"27","author":"Geng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-019-0158-7","article-title":"A modulator-free quantum key distribution transmitter chip","volume":"5","author":"Roger","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Quantum Inf."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18449","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.394050","article-title":"Photonic integrated quantum key distribution receiver for multiple users","volume":"28","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-021-00421-2","article-title":"Full daylight quantum-key-distribution at 1550 nm enabled by integrated silicon photonics","volume":"7","author":"Avesani","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Quantum Inf."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.423517","article-title":"Real-time operation of a multi-rate, multi-protocol quantum key distribution transmitter","volume":"8","author":"Woodward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-021-00873-0","article-title":"A photonic integrated quantum secure communication system","volume":"15","author":"Roger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3131193","article-title":"Polarization-based Quantum Key Distribution Encoder and Decoder on Silicon Photonics","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064034","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.17.064034","article-title":"Experimental Quantum Key Distribution with Integrated Silicon Photonics and Electronics","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200506","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-022-3514-3","article-title":"Polarization-insensitive quantum key distribution using planar lightwave circuit chips","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.29.002797","article-title":"Differential-phase-shift quantum key distribution experiment with a planar light-wave circuit Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer","volume":"29","author":"Honjo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15920","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.015920","article-title":"Field trial of differential-phase-shift quantum key distribution using polarization independent frequency up-conversion detectors","volume":"15","author":"Honjo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.14.011001","article-title":"Chip-Based Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Using Integrated Silicon Photonic Systems","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.379679","article-title":"Chip-based measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution","volume":"7","author":"Semenenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"031030","article-title":"High-Speed Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution with Integrated Silicon Photonics","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034081","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.15.034081","article-title":"Experimental Quantum Key Distribution Secure Against Malicious Devices","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-017-0026-2","article-title":"High-dimensional quantum key distribution based on multicore fiber using silicon photonic integrated circuits","volume":"3","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Quantum Inf."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0504-5","article-title":"An integrated silicon photonic chip platform for continuous-variable quantum key distribution","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032611","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.103.032611","article-title":"Practical security of a chip-based continuous-variable quantum-key-distribution system","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064038","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.15.064038","article-title":"Chip-Based Quantum Key Distribution against Trojan-Horse Attack","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012421","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.105.012421","article-title":"Experimental secure quantum key distribution in the presence of polarization-dependent loss","volume":"105","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083002","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8978\/18\/8\/083002","article-title":"Recent advances on integrated quantum communications","volume":"18","author":"Orieux","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054207","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/27\/5\/054207","article-title":"Quantum photonic network on chip","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041303","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5115814","article-title":"Photonic quantum information processing: A concise review","volume":"6","author":"Slussarenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-020-0609-x","article-title":"Hybrid integrated quantum photonic circuits","volume":"14","author":"Elshaari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.AP.3.6.064002","article-title":"Quantum entanglement on photonic chips: A review","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2021-0419","article-title":"Femtosecond laser micromachining for integrated quantum photonics","volume":"10","author":"Corrielli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-021-3235-7","article-title":"Recent progress of integrated circuits and optoelectronic chips","volume":"64","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100068","DOI":"10.1002\/qute.202100068","article-title":"Advances in Chip-Scale Quantum Photonic Technologies","volume":"4","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Quantum Technol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100062","DOI":"10.1002\/qute.202100062","article-title":"Advanced Laser Technology for Quantum Communications (Tutorial Review)","volume":"4","author":"Woodward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Quantum Technol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-021-00398-z","article-title":"The potential and global outlook of integrated photonics for quantum technologies","volume":"4","author":"Pelucchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091901","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4926\/42\/9\/091901","article-title":"Chip-based quantum communications","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Semicond."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011314","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0030258","article-title":"Integrated photon-pair sources with nonlinear optics","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012501","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7647\/ac1ef4","article-title":"2022 Roadmap on integrated quantum photonics","volume":"4","author":"Moody","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100116","DOI":"10.1002\/qute.202100116","article-title":"Quantum Communication Using Semiconductor Quantum Dots","volume":"5","author":"Vajner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Quantum Technol."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"93","article-title":"Experimental realization of entangled qutrits for quantum communication","volume":"4","author":"Thew","year":"2004","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Comput."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-011-4854-z","article-title":"Experimental implementation of higher dimensional time\u2013energy entanglement","volume":"106","author":"Richart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22986","article-title":"On-chip generation of high-dimensional entangled quantum states and their coherent control","volume":"546","author":"Kues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.001825","article-title":"50-GHz-spaced comb of high-dimensional frequency-bin entangled photons from an on-chip silicon nitride microresonator","volume":"26","author":"Imany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.2.000523","article-title":"Experimental access to higher-dimensional entangled quantum systems using integrated optics","volume":"2","author":"Schaeff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys1996","article-title":"Experimental high-dimensional two-photon entanglement and violations of generalized Bell inequalities","volume":"7","author":"Dada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14246","article-title":"Quantum teleportation of multiple degrees of freedom of a single photon","volume":"518","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-018-0347-x","article-title":"High-dimensional one-way quantum processing implemented on d-level cluster states","volume":"15","author":"Reimer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2009.93","article-title":"Manipulation of multiphoton entanglement in waveguide quantum circuits","volume":"3","author":"Matthews","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211109","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3497087","article-title":"High-fidelity operation of quantum photonic circuits","volume":"97","author":"Laing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2011.283","article-title":"Generating, manipulating and measuring entanglement and mixture with a reconfigurable photonic circuit","volume":"6","author":"Shadbolt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201108","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2814040","article-title":"Entanglement generation using silicon wire waveguide","volume":"91","author":"Takesue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2307","article-title":"High-speed and high-efficiency travelling wave single-photon detectors embedded in nanophotonic circuits","volume":"3","author":"Pernice","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045003","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/14\/4\/045003","article-title":"Quantum interference and manipulation of entanglement in silicon wire waveguide quantum circuits","volume":"14","author":"Bonneau","year":"2012","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.339","article-title":"On-chip quantum interference between silicon photon-pair sources","volume":"8","author":"Silverstone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-019-0153-y","article-title":"Generation of multiphoton quantum states on silicon","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044005","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.3.044005","article-title":"On-Chip Optical Squeezing","volume":"3","author":"Dutt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10352","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10352","article-title":"Quantum interference in heterogeneous superconducting-photonic circuits on a silicon chip","volume":"7","author":"Schuck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.003469","article-title":"Integrated silicon nitride time-bin entanglement circuits","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-018-0394-3","article-title":"Chip-integrated visible-telecom photon pair sources for quantum communication","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.394138","article-title":"Optical parametric oscillation in silicon carbide nanophotonics","volume":"7","author":"Guidry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1140\/epjd\/e20020019","article-title":"PPLN waveguide for quantum communication","volume":"18","author":"Tanzilli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. D"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.113.103601","article-title":"On-chip generation and manipulation of entangled photons based on reconfigurable lithium-niobate waveguide circuits","volume":"113","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"21","article-title":"Towards integrated superconducting detectors on lithium niobate waveguides","volume":"Volume 10358","author":"Bartnick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quantum Photonic Devices"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181110","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3657518","article-title":"Waveguide superconducting single-photon detectors for integrated quantum photonic circuits","volume":"99","author":"Sprengers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153605","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.153605","article-title":"Monolithic source of photon pairs","volume":"108","author":"Horn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2014.02.040","article-title":"Gallium arsenide (GaAs) quantum photonic waveguide circuits","volume":"327","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.3.000989","article-title":"Quantum entropy source on an InP photonic integrated circuit for random number generation","volume":"3","author":"Abellan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah6875","article-title":"An integrated diamond nanophotonics platform for quantum-optical networks","volume":"354","author":"Sipahigil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201500061","article-title":"Laser written circuits for quantum photonics","volume":"9","author":"Meany","year":"2015","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013830","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.95.013830","article-title":"Quantum walks in synthetic gauge fields with three-dimensional integrated photonics","volume":"95","author":"Boada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat3174","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat3174","article-title":"Experimental two-dimensional quantum walk on a photonic chip","volume":"4","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-020-00340-8","article-title":"Experimental quantum homomorphic encryption","volume":"7","author":"Zeuner","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Quantum Inf."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.3.000407","article-title":"Chip-to-chip quantum photonic interconnect by path-polarization interconversion","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s43673-021-00017-0","article-title":"Chip-based quantum key distribution","volume":"31","author":"Kwek","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPPS Bull."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0551-y","article-title":"Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators operating at CMOS-compatible voltages","volume":"562","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0378-6","article-title":"High-performance hybrid silicon and lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder modulators for 100 Gbits s-1 and beyond","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e286","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2015.59","article-title":"Advances in InGaAs\/InP single-photon detector systems for quantum communication","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Light-Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083109","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4913527","article-title":"Gigahertz-gated InGaAs\/InP single-photon detector with detection efficiency exceeding 55% at 1550 nm","volume":"117","author":"Comandar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5728","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.005728","article-title":"Temporal jitter in free-running InGaAs\/InP single-photon avalanche detectors","volume":"41","author":"Amri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2009.230","article-title":"Single-photon detectors for optical quantum information applications","volume":"3","author":"Hadfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063001","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-2048\/25\/6\/063001","article-title":"Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors: Physics and applications","volume":"25","author":"Natarajan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Supercond. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2020-0186","article-title":"Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors for quantum information","volume":"9","author":"You","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5010102","article-title":"High-detection efficiency and low-timing jitter with amorphous superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors","volume":"112","author":"Caloz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2018-0059","article-title":"Waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors","volume":"7","author":"Ferrari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"e79","article-title":"Polarization discriminated time-bin phase-encoding measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution","volume":"3","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quant. Eng."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2020.12.002","article-title":"Toward practical quantum key distribution using telecom components","volume":"1","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fundam. Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"057902","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.057902","article-title":"Continuous variable quantum cryptography using coherent states","volume":"88","author":"Grosshans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170504","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.170504","article-title":"Quantum cryptography without switching","volume":"93","author":"Weedbrook","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052311","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.63.052311","article-title":"Quantum distribution of Gaussian keys using squeezed states","volume":"63","author":"Cerf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010303","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.61.010303","article-title":"Continuous variable quantum cryptography","volume":"61","author":"Ralph","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022320","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.73.022320","article-title":"Trojan-horse attacks on quantum-key-distribution systems","volume":"73","author":"Gisin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062308","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.84.062308","article-title":"Attacking a practical quantum-key-distribution system with wavelength-dependent beam-splitter and multiwavelength sources","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032326","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.91.032326","article-title":"Attacks exploiting deviation of mean photon number in quantum key distribution and coin tossing","volume":"91","author":"Sajeed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"73","article-title":"Time-shift attack in practical quantum cryptosystems","volume":"7","author":"Qi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Quant. Inf. Comput."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-017-0057-8","article-title":"Quantum key distribution with an efficient countermeasure against correlated intensity fluctuations in optical pulses","volume":"4","author":"Yoshino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Npj Quantum Inf."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2010.214","article-title":"Hacking commercial quantum cryptography systems by tailored bright illumination","volume":"4","author":"Lydersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073024","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/13\/7\/073024","article-title":"Quantum eavesdropping without interception: An attack exploiting the dead time of single-photon detectors","volume":"13","author":"Henning","year":"2011","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00531-y","article-title":"Feasible attack on detector-device-independent quantum key distribution","volume":"7","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022325","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.100.022325","article-title":"Implementation security of quantum key distribution due to polarization-dependent efficiency mismatch","volume":"100","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032305","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.92.032305","article-title":"Experimental quantum key distribution with source flaws","volume":"92","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042308","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.93.042308","article-title":"Experimental measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with imperfect sources","volume":"93","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065008","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/18\/6\/065008","article-title":"Decoy-state quantum key distribution with a leaky source","volume":"18","author":"Tamaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_194","first-page":"031030","article-title":"Practical Security Bounds Against the Trojan-Horse Attack in Quantum Key Distribution","volume":"5","author":"Lucamarini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaz4487","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz4487","article-title":"Quantum key distribution with correlated sources","volume":"6","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013076","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.3.013076","article-title":"Security proof of practical quantum key distribution with detection-efficiency mismatch","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Res."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022614","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.106.022614","article-title":"Experimental study of secure quantum key distribution with source and detection imperfections","volume":"106","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.149","article-title":"Secure quantum key distribution","volume":"8","author":"Lo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0066-6","article-title":"Overcoming the rate-distance limit of quantum key distribution without quantum repeaters","volume":"557","author":"Lucamarini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2020.11.001","article-title":"Twin-field protocols: Towards intercity quantum key distribution without quantum repeaters","volume":"1","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fundam. Res."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15043","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15043","article-title":"Fundamental limits of repeaterless quantum communications","volume":"8","author":"Pirandola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"031043","article-title":"Phase-Matching Quantum Key Distribution","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062323","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.98.062323","article-title":"Twin-field quantum key distribution with large misalignment error","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_204","first-page":"021046","article-title":"Beating the Fundamental Rate-Distance Limit in a Proof-of-Principle Quantum Key Distribution System","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/24\/10\/1334\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:37:16Z","timestamp":1760143036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/24\/10\/1334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"references-count":204,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["e24101334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e24101334","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]}}}