{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T15:59:46Z","timestamp":1778515186888,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National MCF Energy R&amp;D Program","award":["2022YFE03140000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE03140000"]}]},{"name":"the National MCF Energy R&amp;D Program","award":["JZ2022HGTB0247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JZ2022HGTB0247"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2022YFE03140000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE03140000"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["JZ2022HGTB0247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JZ2022HGTB0247"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, novel high-strength, low-activation Wx(TaVZr)100\u2212x (x = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25) refractory high entropy alloys (RHEAs) were prepared by vacuum arc melting. Their microstructure, compressive mechanical properties, hardness, and fracture morphology were investigated and analyzed. The results show that the RHEAs possess a disordered BCC phase, ordered Laves phase, and Zr-rich HCP phase. Their dendrite structures were observed, and the distribution of dendrites became gradually more dense with an increase in W content. The RHEAs demonstrate high strength and hardness, with these properties being higher than in most reported tungsten-containing RHEAs. For example, the typical W20(TaVZr)80 RHEA has a yield strength of 1985 MPa and a hardness of 636 HV, respectively. The improvement in terms of strength and hardness are mainly due to solid solution strengthening and the increase in dendritic regions. During compression, with the increase in the applied load, the fracture behavior of RHEAs changed from initial intergranular fractures to a mixed mode combining both intergranular and transgranular fractures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24101342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T23:13:27Z","timestamp":1664147607000},"page":"1342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Novel High-Strength, Low-Activation Wx(TaVZr)100\u2212x (x = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25) Refractory High Entropy Alloys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jingsai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}]},{"given":"Shunhua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Nonferrous Metals and Processing Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}]},{"given":"Jiaqin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Qing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}]},{"given":"Yucheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Nonferrous Metals and Processing Technology, Hefei 230009, China"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2011.01.004","article-title":"Mechanical properties of Nb25Mo25Ta25W25 and V20Nb20Mo20Ta20W20 refractory high entropy alloys","volume":"19","author":"Senkov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2017.01.007","article-title":"Effect of Ti additions on mechanical properties of NbMoTaW and VNbMoTaW refractory high entropy alloys","volume":"84","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1557\/s43578-022-00569-3","article-title":"Development of high-strength WNbMoTaVZrx refractory high entropy alloys","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2018.08.053","article-title":"Lattice distortion in a strong and ductile refractory high-entropy alloy","volume":"160","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2020.106699","article-title":"Ultra-high strain-rate strengthening in ductile refractory high entropy alloys upon dynamic loading","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2011.02.171","article-title":"Microstructure and room temperature properties of a high-entropy TaNbHfZrTi alloy","volume":"509","author":"Senkov","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2011.08.063","article-title":"Thermal stability and oxidation resistance of laser clad TiVCrAlSi high entropy alloy coatings on Ti\u20136Al\u20134V alloy","volume":"206","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.09.164","article-title":"High temperature oxidation behaviors of equimolar NbTiZrV and NbTiZrCr refractory complex concentrated alloys (RCCAs)","volume":"729","author":"Butler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2019.108161","article-title":"On the oxidation mechanism of refractory high entropy alloys","volume":"159","author":"Gorr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2020.11.044","article-title":"Recent advances on environmental corrosion behavior and mechanism of high-entropy alloys","volume":"80","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126351","article-title":"Microstructural characterization, mechanical property and corrosion behavior of VNbMoTaWAl refractory high entropy alloy coatings: Effect of Al content","volume":"403","author":"Bachani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13564","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13564","article-title":"Enhancing radiation tolerance by controlling defect mobility and migration pathways in multicomponent single-phase alloys","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2018.09.034","article-title":"A promising new class of irradiation tolerant materials: Ti2ZrHfV0.5Mo0.2 high-entropy alloy","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2019.151955","article-title":"Ion irradiation response and mechanical behavior of reduced activity high entropy alloy","volume":"529","author":"Sadeghilaridjani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2011.06.041","article-title":"Microstructure and wear behavior of AlxCo1.5CrFeNi1.5Tiy high-entropy alloys","volume":"59","author":"Chuang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.11.027","article-title":"Development of a new high entropy alloy for wear resistance: FeCoCrNiW0.3 and FeCoCrNiW0.3+5 at.% of C","volume":"115","author":"Poletti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2015.03.013","article-title":"Enhanced mechanical properties of HfMoTaTiZr and HfMoNbTaTiZr refractory high-entropy alloys","volume":"62","author":"Juan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2019.151744","article-title":"Short communication: \u2018Low activation, refractory, high entropy alloys for nuclear applications\u2019","volume":"526","author":"Kareer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtla.2018.09.014","article-title":"Low activation high entropy alloys for next generation nuclear applications","volume":"4","author":"Ayyagari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materialia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.157399","article-title":"Novel reduced-activation TiVCrFe based high entropy alloys","volume":"856","author":"Carruthers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.164526","article-title":"Design principles of low-activation high entropy alloys","volume":"907","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Forrest, R.A., Tabasso, A., Danani, C., Jakhar, S., and Shaw, A.K. (2009). Handbook of Activation Data Calculated Using EASY-2007, EURATOM\/UKAEA Fusion Association Culham Science Centre."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X.N., Hu, Y.F., Wang, K., Zhang, H.L., Fan, Z.T., Suo, J.P., and Liu, X.W. (2022). Microstructure and mechanical properties of a low activation cast WTaHfTiZr refractory high-entropy alloy. China Foundry, preprint.","DOI":"10.1007\/s41230-022-1230-z"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W.R., Liaw, P.K., and Zhang, Y. (2018). A novel low-activation VCrFeTaxWx (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 1) high-entropy alloys with excellent heat-softening resistance. Entropy, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/e20120951"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fusengdes.2018.08.008","article-title":"The mechanical properties of high entropy (-like) alloy Wx(TaTiVCr)1-x via first-principles calculations","volume":"137","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fusion Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.02.029","article-title":"A high-entropy V35Ti35Fe15Cr10Zr5 alloy with excellent high-temperature strength","volume":"121","author":"Xian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav2002","article-title":"Outstanding radiation resistance of tungsten-based high-entropy alloys","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2015.10.047","article-title":"Neutron irradiation effects on the microstructural development of tungsten and tungsten alloys","volume":"471","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"939","article-title":"Research progress in irradiation damage behavior of tungsten and its alloys for nuclear fusion reactor","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Sin."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"171","article-title":"The routes and mechanism of plasma facing tungsten materials to improve ductility","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Sin."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.142701","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of WNbMoTaZrx (x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0) refractory high entropy alloys","volume":"835","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.200700240","article-title":"Solid-solution phase formation rules for multi-component alloys","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2011.11.021","article-title":"Prediction of high-entropy stabilized solid-solution in multi-component alloys","volume":"132","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.200300567","article-title":"Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: Novel alloy design concepts and outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Yeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.46.2817","article-title":"Classification of bulk metallic glasses by atomic size difference, heat of mixing and period of constituent elements and its application to characterization of the main alloying element","volume":"46","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Trans."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103505","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3587228","article-title":"Effect of valence electron concentration on stability of fcc or bcc phase in high entropy alloys","volume":"109","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2016.02.006","article-title":"Microstructure and wear behavior of a refractory high entropy alloy","volume":"57","author":"Poulia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2010.05.014","article-title":"Refractory high-entropy alloys","volume":"18","author":"Senkov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0071(12)60080-X","article-title":"Phase stability in high entropy alloys: Formation of solid-solution phase or amorphous phase","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2022, July 27). The Periodic Table of the Elements by WebElements. Available online: https:\/\/www.webelements.com\/."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-006-0234-4","article-title":"Formation of simple crystal structures in Cu-Co-Ni-Cr-Al-Fe-Ti-V alloys with multiprincipal metallic elements","volume":"35","author":"Yeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.154301","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of RexNbMoTaW high-entropy alloys prepared by arc melting using metal powders","volume":"827","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3139\/146.111762","article-title":"A critical analysis of the X-ray diffraction intensities in concentrated multicomponent alloys","volume":"110","author":"Naorem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2021.110877","article-title":"Lattice distortion as an estimator of solid solution strengthening in high-entropy alloys","volume":"172","author":"Roy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2016.09.032","article-title":"An assessment of the lattice strain in the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy","volume":"122","author":"Owen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2016.07.102","article-title":"NbTaV-(Ti,W) refractory high-entropy alloys: Experiments and modeling","volume":"674","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.162398","article-title":"Studies on the design and properties of FeCrVTix medium-entropy alloys for potential nuclear applications","volume":"894","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2020.106832","article-title":"Preparation of MoNbTaW refractory high entropy alloy powders by pressureless spark plasma sintering: Crystal structure and phase evolution","volume":"123","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regenberg, M., Hasemann, G., Wilke, M., Halle, T., and Kr\u00fcger, M. (2020). Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of refractory Mo-Nb-V-W-Ti high-entropy alloys. Metals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/met10111530"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.11.111","article-title":"Microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and strengthening mechanism of refractory high-entropy alloy matrix composites with addition of TaC","volume":"777","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2018.05.006","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical property of a novel ReMoTaW high-entropy alloy with high density","volume":"77","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2020.106928","article-title":"Influence of alloying elements on mechanical and electronic properties of NbMoTaWX (X = Cr, Zr, V, Hf and Re) refractory high entropy alloys","volume":"126","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2017.12.004","article-title":"Microstructures and mechanical properties of TixNbMoTaW refractory high-entropy alloys","volume":"712","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S.H., Wang, J.Y., Xia, L., and Wu, Y.C. (2019). Deformation behavior of bulk metallic glasses and high entropy alloys under complex stress fields: A review. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21010054"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2015.11.063","article-title":"Giant size effect on compressive plasticity of (Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5)99 Nb1 bulk metallic glass","volume":"651","author":"Farahani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5844","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-018-03280-z","article-title":"Effect of Si additions on microstructure and mechanical properties of refractory NbTaWMo high-entropy alloys","volume":"54","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2017.12.021","article-title":"Ultra-high strength WNbMoTaV high-entropy alloys with fine grain structure fabricated by powder metallurgical process","volume":"712","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H.L., Zhang, L., Liu, X.Y., Chen, Q., and Xu, Y. (2018). Effect of Zr addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy synthesized by spark plasma sintering. Entropy, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/e20110810"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2012.12.018","article-title":"Mechanical properties of low-density, refractory multi-principal element alloys of the Cr\u2013Nb\u2013Ti\u2013V\u2013Zr system","volume":"565","author":"Senkov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/24\/10\/1342\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:38:09Z","timestamp":1760143089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/24\/10\/1342"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["e24101342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e24101342","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]}}}