{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T22:23:58Z","timestamp":1782944638859,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12126314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12126314"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12126351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12126351"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["11861031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11861031"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["121RC539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121RC539"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["YSPTZX202215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSPTZX202215"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12126314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12126314"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12126351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12126351"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["11861031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11861031"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["121RC539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121RC539"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["YSPTZX202215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSPTZX202215"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province","award":["12126314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12126314"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province","award":["12126351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12126351"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province","award":["11861031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11861031"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province","award":["121RC539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121RC539"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province","award":["YSPTZX202215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSPTZX202215"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a scheme for teleporting an unknown, two-particle entangled state with a message from a sender (Alice) to a receiver (Bob) via a six-particle entangled channel. We also present another scheme for teleporting an unknown one-particle entangled state with a message transmitted in a two-way form between the same sender and receiver via a five-qubit cluster state. One-way hash functions, Bell-state measurements, and unitary operations are adopted in these two schemes. Our schemes use the physical characteristics of quantum mechanics to implement delegation, signature, and verification processes. Moreover, a quantum key distribution protocol and a one-time pad are adopted in these schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24101421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T04:04:56Z","timestamp":1665201896000},"page":"1421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Two Quantum Proxy Blind Signature Schemes Based on Controlled Quantum Teleportation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Qiming","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinggui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Data Science and Smart Education, Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Data Science and Smart Education, Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2156-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naihuan","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"},{"name":"College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bennett, C.H. (1984, January 9\u201312). Quantum key distribution and coin tossing. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers, Bangalore, India."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3762","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1738173","article-title":"Quantum Key Distribution over 122km of Standard Telecommunication Fiber","volume":"84","author":"Gobby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2005.09.012","article-title":"Quantum Key Distribution without Alternative Measurements and Rotations","volume":"349","author":"Gao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064304","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.78.064304","article-title":"Quantum Secure Direct Communication with \u03c7-Type Entangled States","volume":"78","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.65.032302","article-title":"Theoretically efficient high-capacity quantum-key-distribution scheme","volume":"65","author":"Long","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2006.05.035","article-title":"Quantum Secure Direct Communication Based on Order Rearrangement of Single Photons","volume":"358","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2006.11.080","article-title":"Controlled Quantum Secure Direct Communication Using a Non-Symmetric Quantum Channel with Quantum Superdense Coding","volume":"364","author":"Xia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2014.2358192","article-title":"Postprocessing of the Oblivious Key in Quantum Private Query","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042318","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.93.042318","article-title":"Practical Quantum Private Query with Better Performance in Resisting Joint-Measurement Attack","volume":"93","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2017.2721404","article-title":"A Generic Construction of Quantum-Oblivious-Key-Transfer-Based Private Query with Ideal Database Security and Zero Failure","volume":"67","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-012-0379-6","article-title":"Multi-Party Quantum Secret Sharing with the Singleparticle Quantum State to Encode the Information","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.59.1829","article-title":"Quantum Secret Sharing","volume":"59","author":"Hillery","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062307","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.78.062307","article-title":"Experimental Quantum Secret Sharing Using Telecommunication Fiber","volume":"78","author":"Bogdanski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-4075\/39\/8\/015","article-title":"Efficient Symmetric Multiparty Quantum State Sharing of an Arbitrary M-Qubit State","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. At. Mol. Opt. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062336","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.81.062336","article-title":"Secure Multiparty Computation with a Dishonest Majority via Quantum Means","volume":"81","author":"Loukopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042304","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.63.042304","article-title":"Quantum Channel Identification Problem","volume":"63","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042305","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.73.042305","article-title":"Quantum Direct Communication with Authentication","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062309","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.64.062309","article-title":"Quantum Authentication of Classical Messages","volume":"64","author":"Curty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-018-3957-2","article-title":"A New Quantum Proxy Signature Model Based on a Series of Genuine Entangled States","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.101.208901","article-title":"Comment on Experimental Demonstration of a Quantum Protocol for Byzantine Agreement and Liar Detection","volume":"101","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350010","DOI":"10.1142\/S021974991350010X","article-title":"Cryptanalysis of the Quantum State Sharing Protocol Using Four Sets of W-Class States","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Quantum Inf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.63.036301","article-title":"Comment on Quantum Key Distribution without Alternative Measurements","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"329","article-title":"A Simple Participant Attack on the Bradler-Dusek Protocol","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/17\/9\/006","article-title":"Teleportation Attack on the QSDC Protocol with a Random Basis and Order","volume":"17","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. B."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.2011.2107889","article-title":"Dense-Coding Attack on Three-Party Quantum Key Distribution Protocols","volume":"47","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s11433-010-0145-7","article-title":"Eavesdropping in a Quantum Secret Sharing Protocol Based on Grover Algorithm and its Solution. Science China Physics","volume":"53","author":"Hao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mech. Astron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2006.04.030","article-title":"Improving the Security of Multiparty Quantum Secret Sharing Against an Attack with a Fake Signal","volume":"357","author":"Qin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.90.157901","article-title":"Eavesdropping on the Ping-Pong Quantum Communication Protocol","volume":"90","author":"Wojcik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.91.109801","article-title":"The Ping-Pong Protocol Can Be Attacked without Eavesdropping","volume":"91","author":"Cai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.77.014302","article-title":"Consistency of Shared Reference Frames Should Be Reexamined","volume":"77","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2009.09.047","article-title":"Cryptanalysis of Multiparty Controlled Quantum Secure Direct Communication Using Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger State","volume":"283","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1088\/0256-307X\/25\/5\/011","article-title":"A Special Eavesdropping on One-Sender Versus N-Receiver QSDC Protocol","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022320","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.73.022320","article-title":"Trojan Horse Attacks on Quantum Key Distribution Systems","volume":"73","author":"Gisin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.72.044302","article-title":"Improving the Security of Multi-party Quantum Secret Sharing Against Trojan Horse Attack","volume":"72","author":"Deng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s11433-008-0065-y","article-title":"Revisiting the Security of Quantum Dialogue and Bidirectional Quantum Secure Direct Communication","volume":"51","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2010.11.038","article-title":"Cryptanalysis of Multiparty Quantum Secret Sharing with Bell States and Bell Measurements","volume":"284","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250163","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217979212501639","article-title":"Partially Blind Signature Based on Quantum Cryptography","volume":"26","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2010.06.061","article-title":"Quantum Blind Signature Based on Two-State Vector Formalism","volume":"283","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-014-2105-x","article-title":"A Quantum Proxy Signature Scheme Based on Genuine Five-Qubit Entangled State","volume":"53","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1007\/s11433-011-4457-z","article-title":"Quantum Proxy Signature with Public Verifiability","volume":"54","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1079","article-title":"A Realizable Quantum Sequential Multi-Signature Scheme","volume":"35","author":"Wen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Electron. Sin."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217979208048899","article-title":"Realizable Quantum Broadcasting Multi-Signature Scheme","volume":"22","author":"Wen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055001","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/81\/05\/055001","article-title":"A Group Signature Scheme Based on Quantum Teleportation","volume":"81","author":"Wen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2011.03.083","article-title":"Quantum Group Blind Signature Scheme without Entanglement","volume":"284","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045012","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/87\/04\/045012","article-title":"A Secure Quantum Group Signature Scheme Based on Bell States","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-013-1729-6","article-title":"Cryptanalysis of the Quantum Group Signature Protocols","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1976.1055638","article-title":"New directions in cryptography","volume":"22","author":"Diffie","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Merkle, R. (1979). Authentication, and Public Key Systems, Stanford University."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-016-1460-3","article-title":"The postprocessing of quantum digital signatures","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-014-0760-8","article-title":"Security of a sessional blind signature based on quantum cryptograph","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.02.043","article-title":"Certificateless proxy multi-signature","volume":"276","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1338","article-title":"Proxy signature: Delegation of the power to sign messages","volume":"79","author":"Mambo","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Fundam. A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-011-0258-6","article-title":"One-time proxy signature based on quantum cryptography","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-014-0795-x","article-title":"Forgery attack on one-time proxy signature and the improvement","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-015-2711-2","article-title":"Analysis of forgery attack on one-time proxy signature and the improvement","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Theor. Phys"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-012-1435-9","article-title":"Quantum proxy multi-signature scheme using genuinely entangled six qubits state","volume":"52","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-017-3342-6","article-title":"The security analysis and improvement of some novel quantum proxy signature scheme","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-015-2719-7","article-title":"A quantum multi-proxy blind signature scheme based on genuine fourqubit entangled state","volume":"55","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaum, D., Rivest, R.L., and Sherman, A.T. (1983). Blind Signatures for Untraceable Payments. Advances in Cryptology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0602-4"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Peng, T. (2007). Research on Controlled Teleportation of Two-Particle and Three-Particle Entanglement. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Huazhong University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"177","article-title":"Controlled two-way quantum teleportation based on five particle cluster state","volume":"33","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Quantum Electron."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/24\/10\/1421\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:47:00Z","timestamp":1760143620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/24\/10\/1421"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["e24101421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e24101421","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]}}}