{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T03:21:26Z","timestamp":1778901686787,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52171317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52171317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51779262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51779262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CX2021054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX2021054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovative Fund of Wuhan Institute of Technology","award":["52171317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52171317"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovative Fund of Wuhan Institute of Technology","award":["51779262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51779262"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovative Fund of Wuhan Institute of Technology","award":["CX2021054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX2021054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>According to the established model of a single resonance energy selective electron refrigerator with heat leakage in the previous literature, this paper performs multi-objective optimization with finite-time thermodynamic theory and NSGA-II algorithm. Cooling load (R\u00af), coefficient of performance (\u03b5), ecological function (ECO\u00af), and figure of merit (\u03c7\u00af) of the ESER are taken as objective functions. Energy boundary (E\u2032\/kB) and resonance width (\u0394E\/kB) are regarded as optimization variables and their optimal intervals are obtained. The optimal solutions of quadru-, tri-, bi-, and single-objective optimizations are obtained by selecting the minimum deviation indices with three approaches of TOPSIS, LINMAP, and Shannon Entropy; the smaller the value of deviation index, the better the result. The results show that values of E\u2032\/kB and \u0394E\/kB are closely related to the values of the four optimization objectives; selecting the appropriate values of the system can design the system for optimal performance. The deviation indices are 0.0812 with LINMAP and TOPSIS approaches for four-objective optimization (ECO\u00af\u2212R\u00af\u2212\u03b5\u2212\u03c7\u00af), while the deviation indices are 0.1085, 0.8455, 0.1865, and 0.1780 for four single-objective optimizations of maximum ECO\u00af, R\u00af, \u03b5, and \u03c7\u00af, respectively. Compared with single-objective optimization, four-objective optimization can better take different optimization objectives into account by choosing appropriate decision-making approaches. The optimal values of E\u2032\/kB and \u0394E\/kB range mainly from 12 to 13, and 1.5 to 2.5, respectively, for the four-objective optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24101445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T06:13:27Z","timestamp":1665468807000},"page":"1445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Four-Objective Optimizations of a Single Resonance Energy Selective Electron Refrigerator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jinhu","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Chemical Equipment, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9012-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Chemical Equipment, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanlin","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Chemical Equipment, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuangshuang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Chemical Equipment, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Chemical Equipment, Wuhan 430205, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dann, R., Kosloff, R., and Salamon, P. 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