{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:00:04Z","timestamp":1778760004911,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11572269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11572269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17ZA0405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17ZA0405"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17ZB0439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17ZB0439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IADL20190311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IADL20190311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Project of Education Department in Sichuan","award":["11572269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11572269"]}]},{"name":"Project of Education Department in Sichuan","award":["17ZA0405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17ZA0405"]}]},{"name":"Project of Education Department in Sichuan","award":["17ZB0439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17ZB0439"]}]},{"name":"Project of Education Department in Sichuan","award":["IADL20190311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IADL20190311"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Icing and Anti\/De-icing","award":["11572269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11572269"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Icing and Anti\/De-icing","award":["17ZA0405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17ZA0405"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Icing and Anti\/De-icing","award":["17ZB0439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17ZB0439"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Icing and Anti\/De-icing","award":["IADL20190311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IADL20190311"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on the sludge mass transfer flux model, this paper conducts a simulation study on the drying characteristics of sludge under low-temperature environment and compares it with the previous experimental results. It is found that when the sludge moisture content is low, the change of its drying curve is basically consistent with the experimental results, but there is a large error when the sludge moisture content is 0.4\u20130.6. In order to better simulate sludge drying characteristics, a model of cracking and shrinkage coefficients based on sludge moisture content is proposed, and the effective diffusion coefficient and mass transfer coefficient are modified. The maximum error between simulation and experiment is reduced to 23.78%. Based on this model, the sludge drying mechanism was studied. It was found that heat transfer and diffusion played a major role in the initial stage of sludge drying, and diffusion played a major role in sludge drying 30 min later.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24111682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T03:35:23Z","timestamp":1668742523000},"page":"1682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Numerical Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer in Sludge Low-Temperature Drying Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2969-3026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongcan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.02.021","article-title":"Moisture distribution in activated sludges: A review","volume":"38","author":"Vaxelaire","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.03.024","article-title":"Current status of urban wastewater treatment plants in China","volume":"92\u201393","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. 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