{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T18:24:04Z","timestamp":1778178244402,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008463","name":"Airlangga University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["525\/UN3\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["525\/UN3\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008463","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008463","name":"Airlangga University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["015LC0-028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["015LC0-028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008463","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005710","name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["525\/UN3\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["525\/UN3\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005710","name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["015LC0-028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["015LC0-028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper addresses a design optimization of a gas turbine (GT) for marine applications. A gain-scheduling method incorporating a meta-heuristic optimization is proposed to optimize a thermodynamics-based model of a small GT engine. A comprehensive control system consisting of a proportional integral (PI) controller with additional proportional gains, gain scheduling, and a min-max controller is developed. The modeling of gains as a function of plant variables is presented. Meta-heuristic optimizations, namely a genetic algorithm (GA) and a whale optimization algorithm (WOA), are applied to optimize the designed control system. The results show that the WOA has better performance than that of the GA, where the WOA exhibits the minimum fitness value. Compared to the unoptimized gain, the time to reach the target of the power lever angle is significantly reduced. Optimal gain scheduling shows a stable response compared with a fixed gain, which can have oscillation effects as a controller responds. An effect of using bioethanol as a fuel has been observed. It shows that for the same input parameters of the GT dynamics model, the fuel flow increases significantly, as compared with diesel fuel, because of its low bioethanol heating value. Thus, a significant increase occurs only at the gain that depends on the fuel flow.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24121729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T03:28:49Z","timestamp":1669606129000},"page":"1729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Design Optimization of a Gas Turbine Engine for Marine Applications: Off-Design Performance and Control System Considerations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Affiani","family":"Machmudah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Advance Technology and Multidisciplinary, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"},{"name":"Research Center for Hydrodynamics Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Hidro Dinamika, Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60112, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamiru Alemu","family":"Lemma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmud Iwan","family":"Solihin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusron","family":"Feriadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Hydrodynamics Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Hidro Dinamika, Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60112, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Rajabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Imam","family":"Afandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Hydrodynamics Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Hidro Dinamika, Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60112, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0210-6912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aijaz","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science, and Technology, Nawabshah 67480, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Slade, S., and Palmer, C. (2022, September 26). Worldwide Market Report: 2020 Proved to Be an Interesting Year for Gas Turbines. 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