{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T12:33:56Z","timestamp":1764333236347,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Carabinieri CUFAA"},{"name":"COELUM"},{"name":"CNR"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of the Fisher-Shannon statistical method applied to the MODIS satellite time series to search for and explore any small multiyear trends and changes (herein also denoted as inner anomalies) in vegetation cover. For the purpose of our investigation, we focused on the vegetation cover of three peri-urban parks close to Rome and Naples (Italy). For each of these three areas, we analyzed the 2000\u20132020 time variation of four MODIS-based vegetation indices: evapotranspiration (ET), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), and enhanced vegetation index (EVI). These data sets are available in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) and were selected because they are related to the interactions between soil, water, atmosphere, and plants. To account for the great variability exhibited by the seasonal variations while identifying small multiyear trends and changes, we devised a procedure composed of two steps: (i) application of the Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) to each satellite-based time series to detect and remove the annual cycle including the seasonality and then (ii) analysis of the detrended signals using the Fisher-Shannon method, which combines the Shannon entropy and the Fisher Information Measure (FIM). Our results indicate that among all the three pilot test areas, Castel Volturno is characterized by the highest Shannon entropy and the lowest FIM that indicate a low level of order and organization of vegetation time series. This behaviour can be linked to the degradation phenomena induced by the parasite (Toumeyella parvicornis) that has affected dramatically the area in recent years. Our results were nicely confirmed by the comparison with in situ analyzed and independent data sets revealing the existence of subtle, small multiyear trends and changes in MODIS-based vegetation indices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24121784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T02:18:48Z","timestamp":1670379528000},"page":"1784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Exploring Long-Term Anomalies in the Vegetation Cover of Peri-Urban Parks Using the Fisher-Shannon Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5978-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano","family":"Telesca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Research Council, 85050 Tito, Italy"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Aromando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Research Council, 85050 Tito, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1541-2695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farid","family":"Faridani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DICEM, Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, Environment, and Cultural Heritage, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Lovallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell\u2019Ambiente della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Cardettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Research Council, 85050 Tito, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1462-2236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicodemo","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Heritage Science (CNR\u2014ISPC), National Research Council, C.da S. Loja, 85050 Tito, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Papitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arma dei Carabinieri, Comando Unit\u00e0 Forestali, Ambientali e Agroalimentari, Via. G. Carducci 5, 00187 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Lasaponara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Research Council, 85050 Tito, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filipponi, F., Valentini, E., Nguyen Xuan, A., Guerra, C.A., Wolf, F., Andrzejak, M., and Taramelli, A. (2018). Global MODIS fraction of green vegetation cover for monitoring abrupt and gradual vegetation changes. 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