{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T06:25:34Z","timestamp":1773037534653,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The higher-order structure of networks is a hot research topic in complex networks. It has received much attention because it is closely related to the functionality of networks, such as network transportation and propagation. For instance, recent studies have revealed that studying higher-order networks can explore hub structures in transportation networks and information dissemination units in neuronal networks. Therefore, the destruction of the connectivity of higher-order networks will cause significant damage to network functionalities. Meanwhile, previous works pointed out that the function of a complex network depends on the giant component of the original(low-order) network. Therefore, the network functionality will be influenced by both the low-order and its corresponding higher-order network. To study this issue, we build a network model of the interdependence of low-order and higher-order networks (we call it ILH). When some low-order network nodes fail, the low-order network\u2019s giant component shrinks, leading to changes in the structure of the higher-order network, which further affects the low-order network. This process occurs iteratively; the propagation of the failure can lead to an eventual network crash. We conducted experiments on different networks based on the percolation theory, and our network percolation results demonstrated a first-order phase transition feature. In particular, we found that an ILH is more fragile than the low-order network alone, and an ILH is more likely to be corrupted in the event of a random node failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25010022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T02:09:03Z","timestamp":1671761343000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fragility Induced by Interdependency of Complex Networks and Their Higher-Order Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4458-5843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CI-CAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7395-0873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5862-376X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2876-725X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3967-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CI-CAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3245-0095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 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