{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:24:22Z","timestamp":1791912262671,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71871018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71871018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cloud manufacturing systems (CMSs) are networked, distributed and loosely coupled, so they face great uncertainty and risk. This paper combines the complex network model with multi-agent simulation in a novel approach to the robustness analysis of CMSs. Different evaluation metrics are chosen for the two models, and three different robustness attack strategies are proposed. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a case study is then conducted on a cloud manufacturing project of a new energy vehicle. The results show that both the structural and process-based robustness of the system are lowest under the betweenness-based failure mode, indicating that resource nodes with large betweenness are most important to the robustness of the project. Therefore, the cloud manufacturing platform should focus on monitoring and managing these resources so that they can provide stable services. Under the individual server failure mode, system robustness varies greatly depending on the failure behavior of the service provider: Among the five service providers (S1\u2013S5) given in the experimental group, the failure of Server 1 leads to a sharp decline in robustness, while the failure of Server 2 has little impact. This indicates that the CMS can protect its robustness by identifying key servers and strengthening its supervision of them to prevent them from exiting the platform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25010045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T05:42:48Z","timestamp":1672206168000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Robustness of Cloud Manufacturing System Based on Complex Network and Multi-Agent Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7682-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cloud manufacturing: A new service-oriented networked manufacturing model","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742001","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793962317420016","article-title":"Agent-based simulation platform for cloud manufacturing","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Model. Simul. Sci. Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"449","article-title":"Further discussion on cloud manufacturing","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"5","article-title":"Introduction to Cloud Manufacturing","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"ZTE Technol. J."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1345","article-title":"Typical characteristics, technologies and applications of cloud manufacturing","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"477","article-title":"Typical characteristics of cloud manufacturing and several key issues of cloud service composition","volume":"17","author":"Tao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2510","article-title":"Key technologies for the construction of manufacturing cloud","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"495","article-title":"Common key technology system of cloud manufacturing service platform for small and medium enterprises","volume":"17","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Connotation, architecture and key technologies of Internet of manufacturing things","volume":"20","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1357","article-title":"Key technologies of manufacturing capability modeling in cloud manufacturing mode","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"7","article-title":"The technologies in cloud manufacturing","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Manuf. Autom."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"104","article-title":"Research of Structure and Key Technologies for Cloud Manufacturing","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Modul. Mach. Tool Autom. Manuf. Tech."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"458","article-title":"Analyses of cloud manufacturing and related advanced manufacturing models","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"487","article-title":"Cloud manufacturing service platform for group enterprises oriented to manufacturing and management","volume":"17","author":"Zhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"511","article-title":"Resource virtualization in cloud manufacturing","volume":"17","author":"Ren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Virtualization and servitization of cloud manufacturing resources","volume":"41","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. South China Univ. Technol. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2020.101968","article-title":"A machine tool matching method in cloud manufacturing using Markov Decision Process and cross-entropy","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Robot Cim.-Int. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2022.108006","article-title":"A three-tier programming model for service composition and optimal selection in cloud manufacturing","volume":"167","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2021.07.012","article-title":"A utility-based matching mechanism for stable and optimal resource allocation in cloud manufacturing platforms using deferred acceptance algorithm","volume":"60","author":"Delaram","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.107607","article-title":"Adaptive multi-objective service composition reconfiguration approach considering dynamic practical constraints in cloud manufacturing","volume":"234","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"234","article-title":"Analysis of Influencing Factors on Cloud Service Composition Flexibility: Based on Perspective of Cloud Manufacturing Service Platform","volume":"39","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2021.01.006","article-title":"Proof of service power: A blockchain consensus for cloud manufacturing","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2020.101113","article-title":"Consensus-oriented cloud manufacturing based on blockchain technology: An exploratory study","volume":"62","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2019.101850","article-title":"Multi-phase integrated scheduling of hybrid tasks in cloud manufacturing environment","volume":"61","author":"Laili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Robot Cim.-Int. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.03.029","article-title":"Game theory based multi-task scheduling of decentralized 3D printing services in cloud manufacturing","volume":"446","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2018.09.002","article-title":"Two-level multi-task scheduling in a cloud manufacturing environment","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Robot Cim.-Int. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.01.251","article-title":"Integrated Strategies to an Improved Genetic Algorithm for Allocating and Scheduling Multi-Task in Cloud Manufacturing Environment","volume":"39","author":"Elgendy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2021.102143","article-title":"An effective dynamic service composition reconfiguration approach when service exceptions occur in real-life cloud manufacturing","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Robot. Cim.-Int. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2020.101991","article-title":"Logistics-involved QoS-aware service composition in cloud manufacturing with deep reinforcement learning","volume":"67","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Robot. Cim.-Int. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2018.07.128","article-title":"A Cloud-Monitoring Service for Manufacturing Environments","volume":"26","author":"Toro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"149","article-title":"Robustness Analysis of Production Workshop Network Based on Complex Networks","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Modul. Mach. Tool Autom. Manuf. Tech."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107431","article-title":"Research on the robustness of interdependent supply networks with tunable parameters","volume":"158","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2021.126518","article-title":"Robustness of interdependent supply chain networks against both functional and structural cascading failures","volume":"586","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.107526","article-title":"Robustness of maintenance support service networks: Attributes, evaluation and improvement","volume":"210","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mfglet.2019.05.002","article-title":"Resilience of cyber-physical manufacturing control systems","volume":"20","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Manuf. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2019.08.004","article-title":"Modeling and simulation in intelligent manufacturing","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2019.101910","article-title":"Modeling of service agents for simulation in cloud manufacturing","volume":"64","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Robot. Cim.-Int. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2020.101970","article-title":"Service agent networks in cloud manufacturing: Modeling and evaluation based on set-pair analysis","volume":"65","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Robot. Cim.-Int. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2020.102108","article-title":"Modelling and Simulation of QoS-Aware Service Selection in Cloud Computing","volume":"103","author":"Eisa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Simul. Model Pract. Theory"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.03.197","article-title":"Modelling and simulation of logistics service selection in cloud manufacturing","volume":"72","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.11.527","article-title":"Evaluating the advantages of a novel decentralised scheduling approach in the Industry 4.0 and Cloud Manufacturing era","volume":"52","author":"Vespoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFAC-Pap. OnLine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107104","article-title":"Scheduling of field service resources in cloud manufacturing based on multi-population competitive-cooperative GWO","volume":"154","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/17517575.2013.792396","article-title":"A chaos control optimal algorithm for QoS-based service composition selection in cloud manufacturing system","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Enterp. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H. (2018). Research on Dynamic Robustness of Knowledge Collaboration Network of Open Source Product Community. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Science and Technology Beijing].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2017.08.092"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Lei, S. (2022). Robustness of Open-Source Community Knowledge Collaboration Network Based on Multiple Failure Modes. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Science and Technology Beijing]."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/1\/45\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:52:31Z","timestamp":1760147551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/1\/45"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["e25010045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e25010045","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]}}}