{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T20:22:20Z","timestamp":1769199740299,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is commonly used in the follow-up of patients in intensive care units, but only a small part of the information available in the ICP time series is exploited. One of the most important features to guide patient follow-up and treatment is intracranial compliance. We propose using permutation entropy (PE) as a method to extract non-obvious information from the ICP curve. We analyzed the results of a pig experiment with sliding windows of 3600 samples and 1000 displacement samples, and estimated their respective PEs, their associated probability distributions, and the number of missing patterns (NMP). We observed that the behavior of PE is inverse to that of ICP, in addition to the fact that NMP appears as a surrogate for intracranial compliance. In lesion-free periods, PE is usually greater than 0.3, and normalized NMP is less than 90% and p(s1)&gt;p(s720). Any deviation from these values could be a possible warning of altered neurophysiology. In the terminal phases of the lesion, the normalized NMP is higher than 95%, and PE is not sensitive to changes in ICP and p(s720)&gt;p(s1). The results show that it could be used for real-time patient monitoring or as input for a machine learning tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25020267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T02:29:03Z","timestamp":1675218543000},"page":"267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Permutation Entropy Analysis to Intracranial Hypertension from a Porcine Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Fernando","family":"Pose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingenier\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, CONICET, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6341-6228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Ciarrocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5864-9326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Videla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco O.","family":"Redelico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingenier\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, CONICET, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16648711","article-title":"Monro-Kellie 2.0: The dynamic vascular and venous pathophysiological components of intracranial pressure","volume":"36","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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