{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T14:34:13Z","timestamp":1776954853277,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["RC2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Distribution Entropy (DistEn) has been introduced as an alternative to Sample Entropy (SampEn) to assess the heart rate variability (HRV) on much shorter series without the arbitrary definition of distance thresholds. However, DistEn, considered a measure of cardiovascular complexity, differs substantially from SampEn or Fuzzy Entropy (FuzzyEn), both measures of HRV randomness. This work aims to compare DistEn, SampEn, and FuzzyEn analyzing postural changes (expected to modify the HRV randomness through a sympatho\/vagal shift without affecting the cardiovascular complexity) and low-level spinal cord injuries (SCI, whose impaired integrative regulation may alter the system complexity without affecting the HRV spectrum). We recorded RR intervals in able-bodied (AB) and SCI participants in supine and sitting postures, evaluating DistEn, SampEn, and FuzzyEn over 512 beats. The significance of \u201ccase\u201d (AB vs. SCI) and \u201cposture\u201d (supine vs. sitting) was assessed by longitudinal analysis. Multiscale DistEn (mDE), SampEn (mSE), and FuzzyEn (mFE) compared postures and cases at each scale between 2 and 20 beats. Unlike SampEn and FuzzyEn, DistEn is affected by the spinal lesion but not by the postural sympatho\/vagal shift. The multiscale approach shows differences between AB and SCI sitting participants at the largest mFE scales and between postures in AB participants at the shortest mSE scales. Thus, our results support the hypothesis that DistEn measures cardiovascular complexity while SampEn\/FuzzyEn measure HRV randomness, highlighting that together these methods integrate the information each of them provides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25020281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T02:05:28Z","timestamp":1675389928000},"page":"281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Sample, Fuzzy and Distribution Entropies of Heart Rate Variability: What Do They Tell Us on Cardiovascular Complexity?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8775-2605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Castiglioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Bioengineering of Rehabilitation (Lamobir), IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giampiero","family":"Merati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Bioengineering of Rehabilitation (Lamobir), IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9402-7439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Parati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20145 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8924-8234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Faini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20145 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milan, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.19462","article-title":"Complexity Change in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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