{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:52:51Z","timestamp":1760147571161,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62272180","21D111","20ZD096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272180","21D111","20ZD096"]}]},{"name":"Philosophy and Social Science Research Project of Hubei Province University","award":["62272180","21D111","20ZD096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272180","21D111","20ZD096"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Social Science Foundation","award":["62272180","21D111","20ZD096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272180","21D111","20ZD096"]}]},{"name":"HPC Platform of Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["62272180","21D111","20ZD096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272180","21D111","20ZD096"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of integration in blockchain and IoT, virtual machine consolidation (VMC) has become a heated topic because it can effectively improve the energy efficiency and service quality of cloud computing in the blockchain. The current VMC algorithm is not effective enough because it does not regard the load of the virtual machine (VM) as an analyzed time series. Therefore, we proposed a VMC algorithm based on load forecast to improve efficiency. First, we proposed a migration VM selection strategy based on load increment prediction called LIP. Combined with the current load and load increment, this strategy can effectively improve the accuracy of selecting VM from the overloaded physical machines (PMs). Then, we proposed a VM migration point selection strategy based on the load sequence prediction called SIR. We merged VMs with complementary load series into the same PM, effectively improving the stability of the PM load, thereby reducing the service level agreement violation (SLAV) and the number of VM migrations due to the resource competition of the PM. Finally, we proposed a better virtual machine consolidation (VMC) algorithm based on the load prediction of LIP and SIR. The experimental results show that our VMC algorithm can effectively improve energy efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25020351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T02:31:23Z","timestamp":1676428283000},"page":"351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An Efficient Virtual Machine Consolidation Algorithm for Cloud Computing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0160-846X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5855-5146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenjiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2594-9805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, Wuhan Vocational College of Software and Engineering, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"School of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal University, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8106-4414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinzhen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal University, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"School of Computer Science, Wuhan Vocational College of Software and Engineering, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2989392","article-title":"Blockchain meets cloud computing: A survey","volume":"22","author":"Gai","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2012.240","article-title":"Managing overloaded hosts for dynamic consolidation of virtual machines in cloud data centers under quality of service constraints","volume":"24","author":"Beloglazov","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s10723-019-09489-9","article-title":"Green cloud computing using proactive virtual machine placement: Challenges and issues","volume":"18","author":"Masdari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Grid Comput."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Clark, C., Fraser, K., Hand, S., Hansen, J.G., and Warfield, A. (2005, January 25\u201327). Live Migration of Virtual Machines. Proceedings of the Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation, Santa Clara, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-019-03025-y","article-title":"Virtual machine consolidation: A systematic review of its overhead influencing factors","volume":"76","author":"Bermejo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arockia, R.A., and Arun, S. (2019, January 29\u201330). Virtual machine consolidation framework for energy and performance efficient cloud data centers. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on System, Computation, Automation and Networking (ICSCAN), Pondicherry, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSCAN.2019.8878805"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113306","article-title":"A hybrid energy\u2013aware virtual machine placement algorithm for cloud environments","volume":"150","author":"Abohamama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"100524","article-title":"Application of virtual machine consolidation in cloud computing systems","volume":"30","author":"Zolfaghari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Comput. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, A., Ahuja, P., and Neogi, A. (2008, January 1\u20134). pMapper: Power and Migration Cost Aware Application Placement in Virtualized Systems. Proceedings of the Middleware, Acm\/ifip\/usenix International Middleware Conference, Leuven, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89856-6_13"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.1867","article-title":"Optimal online deterministic algorithms and adaptive heuristics for energy and performance efficient dynamic consolidation of virtual machines in Cloud data centers","volume":"24","author":"Beloglazov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2011.04.017","article-title":"Energy-aware resource allocation heuristics for efficient management of data centers for Cloud computing","volume":"28","author":"Beloglazov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"85","article-title":"An intelligent and adaptive threshold-based schema for energy and performance efficient dynamic VM consolidation","volume":"28","author":"Masoumzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Effic. Large Scale Distrib. Syst. COST IC0804 Eur. Conf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bui, K.T., Nguyen, L.V., Tran, T.V., Pham, T.V., and Tran, H.C. (2021). Research in Intelligent and Computing in Engineering, Springer."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10723-022-09603-4","article-title":"Scalable Virtual Machine Migration using Reinforcement Learning","volume":"20","author":"Hummaida","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Grid Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2015.7064904","article-title":"Toward energy-efficient cloud computing: Prediction, consolidation, and overcommitment","volume":"29","author":"Dabbagh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Netw. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10723-014-9312-9","article-title":"Towards a Greener Cloud Infrastructure Management using Optimized Placement Policies","volume":"13","author":"Pascual","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Grid Comput."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2016.2617374","article-title":"Energy-aware VM Consolidation in Cloud Data Centers Using Utilization Prediction Model","volume":"7","author":"Farahnakian","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11986","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-021-03753-0","article-title":"Adaptive virtual machine migration based on performance-to-power ratio in fog-enabled cloud data centers","volume":"77","author":"Khaleel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"2782349","article-title":"A hybrid method for short-term host utilization prediction in cloud computing","volume":"2019","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5919","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.5919","article-title":"Deep and reinforcement learning for automated task scheduling in large-scale cloud computing systems","volume":"33","author":"Rjoub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-008-0070-y","article-title":"Power and performance management of virtualized computing environments via lookahead control","volume":"12","author":"Kusic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2021.07.023","article-title":"Energy-efficient VM scheduling based on deep reinforcement learning","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-7152(95)00086-0","article-title":"Weighted least squares estimates in partly linear regression models","volume":"27","author":"Schick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stat. Probab. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2019.06.009","article-title":"Real-time ECG monitoring using compressive sensing on a heterogeneous multicore edge-device","volume":"20","author":"Djelouat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microprocess. Microsyst."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Hwang, I., and Pedram, M. (July, January 28). Hierarchical virtual machine consolidation in a cloud computing system. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cloud Computing, Santa Clara, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Ming, C., Hui, Z., Su, Y.Y., Wang, X., and Yoshihira, K. (2011, January 23\u201327). Effective VM sizing in virtualized data centers. Proceedings of the 12th IFIP\/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management, IM 2011, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1145\/1113361.1113374","article-title":"CoMon: A Mostly-Scalable Monitoring System for PlanetLab","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acm Sigops Oper. Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1890799","article-title":"Adaptive Threshold-Based Approach for Energy-Efficient Consolidation of Virtual Machines in Cloud Data Centers","volume":"4","author":"Beloglazov","year":"2010","journal-title":"MGC@ Middlew."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Xu, C.Z., Hai, J., Gong, J., and Liao, X. (2011, January 8\u201311). Performance and energy modeling for live migration of virtual machines. Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing, HPDC 2011, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1996130.1996154"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.03.024","article-title":"Resource-aware virtual machine migration in IoT cloud","volume":"85","author":"Paulraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.07.072","article-title":"Short-term power load forecasting using grey correlation contest modeling","volume":"39","author":"Min","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2767608","article-title":"Future Edge Cloud and Edge Computing for Internet of Things Applications","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/2\/351\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:34:57Z","timestamp":1760121297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/2\/351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["e25020351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e25020351","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-4300"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]}}}